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Clinical Anatomy > Module 10- Foot and Ankle > Flashcards

Module 10- Foot and Ankle Flashcards

1
Q

How many layers are there in the foot?

A

5
- 1-4 on plantar aspect
- dorsal layer

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2
Q

What are the muscles in the first layer of the foot?

A
  • flexor digitorum brevis
  • abductor hallucis
  • abductor digiti minimi
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3
Q

What are the actions of the 1st layer of the foot?

A
  • flex digits PIP joint, abduct 1st and 5th digits
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4
Q

What nerves innervate the 1st layer of the foot?

A

lateral and medial plantar nerves

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5
Q

What are the muscles of the 2nd layer of the foot?

A
  • quadratus plantae
  • lumbricals (4)

(attached to FDL tendons)

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6
Q

What are the actions of the 2nd layer of the foot?

A

assist FDL tendons, flex MP and extend IP joints

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7
Q

What nerves innervate the 2nd layer of the foot?

A

lateral and medial plantar nerves

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8
Q

What are the muscles of the 3rd layer of the foot?

A
  • adductor hallucis (oblique and transverse head)
  • flexor hallucis brevis
  • flexor digiti minimi brevis
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9
Q

What is unique about flexor hallucis brevis?

A

has tiny sesamoid bones

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10
Q

What are the nerves that innervate the 3rd layer of the foot?

A

lateral and medial plantar nerves

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11
Q

What are the muscles of the 4th layer of the foot?

A
  • plantar interossei (3)
  • dorsal interossei (4)
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12
Q

What is the axis of add/abduction in the toes?

A
  • digit 2
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13
Q

What nerve innervates the 4th layer of the foot?

A

lateral plantar nerve

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14
Q

What are the muscles of the dorsal aspect of the foot?

A
  • extensor hallucis brevis
  • extensor digitorum brevis
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15
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of the dorsal aspect of the foot?

A

deep fibular nerve

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16
Q

What arteries supply blood to the plantar aspect of the foot?

A

popliteal > posterior tibial:
- medial plantar
- lateral plantar

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17
Q

What structure branches from the lateral plantar artery?

A

deep plantar arch
- anastomosis with medial plantar artery
- plantar metatarsals > common plantar > proper plantar

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18
Q

What artery supplies blood to the dorsal aspect of the foot?

A

dorsalis pedis artery
- lateral to EHL tendon
- arcuate artery branches off
- dorsal metatarsals > dorsal digitals

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19
Q

What is the relative position of the tendons that pass posterior to the medial malleolus?

A

tibialis posterior > flexor digitorum > flexor hallucis longus

Tom Dick and Very Nervous Harry

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20
Q

What are the nerves that innervate the foot and ankle?

A

off of tibial
- medial and lateral plantar nerves
- deep fibular nerve

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21
Q

Which digits are innervated by the common and proper plantar digital branches of the medial plantar nerve?

A

1st - 3rd digits

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22
Q

Which digits are innervated by the common and proper plantar digital branches of the lateral plantar nerve?

A

4th and 5th

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23
Q

What are the branches of the lateral plantar nerve?

A
  • deep and superficial
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24
Q

What are important dermatomes of the foot?

A
  • 1st toe = L4
  • dorsum and plantar aspect = L5
  • 5th toe = S1
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25
Q

What is the location would you take the medial malleolar pulse?

A
  • just posterior to medial malleolus
  • instruct patient to flex great toe to find FHL and just anterior to that you can find pulse
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26
Q

What is the location would you take the dorsal pedis pulse?

A
  • look for EHL
  • ext great toe
  • just lateral to EHL
  • where talus and navicular bone articulate
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27
Q

What are the motions of the ankle?

A
  • dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
  • inversion/eversion
28
Q

What are the motions of the toes?

A
  • flexion/extension
  • abd/adduction
29
Q

What are the deltoid ligaments and which movement do they resist?

A
  • anterior tibiotalar part
  • tibionavicular part
  • tibiocalcaneal part
  • posterior tibiotalar part
  • resist eversion
30
Q

What are the lateral ligaments of the ankle and what motions do they resist?

A
  • anterior talofibula
  • calcaneofibular
  • posterior talofibular ligament
  • resist inversion (weak)
31
Q

What is the most common ankle sprain?

A
  • lateral ankle sprain
  • ATF usually the first to go
  • 90% of ankle sprains
32
Q

Which ligaments of the ankle are closely applied to the talocrural fibrous capsule?

A

anterior talofibular ligament (thickening of capsule)

33
Q

What are the attachments of the talocrural fibrous capsule?

A
  • from borders of the artticulr surfaces of the tibia and malleoli to the margins of the trochlear surface of the talus
34
Q

What are the attachments of the deltoid ligament?

A
  • from the medial malleolus to the talus, naviclular, and sustentaculum tali of the calcaneous
35
Q

What are the attachments of the long plantar ligament?

A
  • from the plantar surface of the calcaneus and cuboid to the plantar surface of the bases of the metatarsals
36
Q

What are the attachments of the plantar calcaneocuboid ligament (short plantar ligament)?

A
  • from calcaneus to the plantar surface of the cuboid
37
Q

What are the attachments and functions of the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)?

A
  • from the anterior margin of the sustsnetaculum tali to the plantar surface of the navicular bone
  • supportmedial longitudinal arch of the foot
38
Q

What are the joints of the ankle and foot?

A
  • distal tibiofibular
  • talocrural
  • subtalar
  • tarsometatarsal
  • metatarsophalangeal
  • interphalangeal
39
Q

What is the synovial classification of the distal tibiofibular joint?

A

syndemosis

40
Q

What is the synovial classification of the talocrural joint?

A

ginglymus or hinge

41
Q

What is the synovial classification of the subtalar joint?

A

plane

42
Q

What is the synovial classification of the tarsometatarsal joint?

A

plane

43
Q

What is the synovial classification of the metatarsophalanegal joint?

A

ellipsoidal

44
Q

What is the synovial classification of the interphalangeal joint?

A

ginglymus or hinge

45
Q

What is the medial longitudinal arch?

A
  • medial aspect
  • calcaneus to 1st MTP joint
  • anterior to posterior
46
Q

What supports the medial longitudinal arch?

A
  • calcaneonavicular lig (spring lig)
  • plantar aponeurosis (2nd support)
  • dynamic support from muscles
47
Q

What is the transverse arch?

A
  • medial to lateral aspect
48
Q

What is the support of the transverse arch?

A
  • fibularis longus tendon
  • tibularis posterior tendon
  • adductor hallucis (less support)
49
Q

What makes of the arch of the foot?

A
  • medial longitudinal arch
  • transverse arch
50
Q

What provides support to the plantar aspect of the foot?

A
  • spring ligament
  • long plantar ligament
  • plantar calcaneocuboid ligament (short plantar lig)
51
Q

What are the ligaments of the MTP IP joints?

A
  • plantar plate
  • collateral ligaments
52
Q

What are the OIANs of abductor digiti minimi?

A

origin: calcaneal tuberosity

insert: lateral side of proximal phalangeal base of the 5th digit

action: abducts and flexes 5th digit

nerve: lateral plantar nerve S1-2

53
Q

What are the OIANs of abductor hallucis?

A

origin: medial calcanea tuberosity

insert: medial side of proximal phalangeal base of great toe

action: flexes and abducts great toe

nerve: medial plantar nerve L4-5-S1

54
Q

What are the OIANs of adductor hallucis?

A

origin: 2-4th metatarsal bases (oblique head) and distal ends of 3-5 metatarsals (traverse head)

insert: lateral base of the proximal phalanx of great toe

action: adducts great toe

nerve: lateral plantar nerve S1-2

55
Q

What are the OIANs of extensor digitorum brevis?

A

origin: anterolateral calcaneus

insert: dorsal aspect of the base of the proximal phalanx (digit 1 for EHB) or to the lateral side of tendons of extensor digitorum longus

action: extension of digits 2-5 (MP & IP; EDB) and extension of digit 1 (EHB)

nerve: deep fibular nerve L4-5-S1

56
Q

What are the OIANs of extensor hallucis brevis?

A

origin: extensor digitorum brevis

insert: dorsal aspect of the base of the proximal phalanx of the hallux

action: extension of great toe at MTP joint

nerve: deep fibular nerve L4-5-S1

57
Q

What are the OIANs of quadratus plantae?

A

origin: medial surface of calcaneus and lateral process of calcaneal tuberosity

insert: long flexor tendons

action: assist flexor digitorum longus

nerve: lateral plantar nerve S1-2

58
Q

What are the OIANs of flexor digitorum brevis?

A

origin: medial process of calcaneal tuberosity

insert: side of intermediate phalanges of digits 2-5

action: flex toes PIP joint

nerve: medial plantar nerve L4-5-S1

59
Q

What are the OIANs flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A

origin: 5th metatarsal base

insert: proximal phalangeal base

action: flexion of 5th digit MP joint

nerve: lateral plantar nerve S1-2

60
Q

What are the OIANs of flexor hallucis brevis?

A

origin: cuboid and tendon of tibialias posterior

insert: base of the proximal phalanx

action: flexion of great toe MP joint

nerve: medial plantar nerve L4-5-S1

61
Q

What are the OIANs of dorsal interossei?

A

origin: metatarsal shaft

insert: proximal phalange bases and dorsal digital expansions of digits 2-4

action: abducts MP and flexes MP digits 2-4

nerve: lateral plantar nerve S1-2

62
Q

What are the OIANs of plantar interossei?

A

origin: plantar surface of base of metatarsals

insert: dorsal digital expansions of digits 3-5

action: adducts and flexes MP digits 3-5

nerve: lateral plantar nerve S1-2

63
Q

What are the OIANs of the lumbricals?

A

origin: tendons of FDL

insert: medial sides of dorsal expansions of digits 2-5

action: flexes proximal phalanges MP joint and extend IP joints

nerve: 1st = meidal plantar nerve L4-5-S1, 2-4 = lateral plantar nerve S1-2

64
Q

What is the arrangement of the tarsal bones?

A

proximal to distal rows, lateral to medial

proximal: calcaneus > talus

middle: navicular

distal: cuboid > lateral cuneiform > intermediate cuneiform > medial cuneiform

65
Q

What is the mnemonic for

A

Tiger Cubs Need MILC

Talus Calcaneus Navicular MedCun IntCun LatCun Cuboid

Clinical Anatomy (12 decks)

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