Module 7

Question 1

What is memory

Answer 1

The ability to retain information about past personal experiences or facts about the world, and to utilize this information in the present

Question 2

Information processing perspective - Encoding

Answer 2

“Translating” sensory impressions into meaningful perceptions that may then be stored as memory.
Getting the information into your brain.

Question 3

3 types of encoding

Answer 3

sematic encoding, encoding of images, acoustic encoding

Question 4

Information processing perspective - Storage

Answer 4

Meaningful perceptions are retained as memory, keeping the memory in the brain

Question 5

Information processing perspective - Retrieval

Answer 5

Recognizing or recalling something from memory, finding the memory when you need it.

Question 6

Modal Model of Memory

Answer 6

Traditional memory theory that views memory as consisting of three stages: sensory memory, short term memory (STM) and long term memory (LTM)

Question 7

Sensory Memory

Answer 7

very briefly stores large amounts of fleeting sensory impressions for further processing by other memory systems. Most vanishes from awareness in a fraction of a second.

Question 8

Two categories of sensory memories

Answer 8

iconic store - visual sensory impressions. echoic store - auditory sensory impressions

Question 9

Short term memory (STM)

Answer 9

memory store used for attending to information in short term. STM is limited in the length a memory can remain active, only lasts 20 seconds. Is also limited in storage - no more than 4-5 chunks of info

Question 10

STM - Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 10

repeating items over and over to maintain them in STM. Does not effectively promote long term memory.

Question 11

STM - Memory span

Answer 11

the number of items that can be recalled immediately after one presentation Usually letters, words, numbers, or syllables that must be reproduced in order

Question 12

STM - Chunking

Answer 12

the process by which the mind divides large pieces of information into smaller chunks that are easier to retain.

Question 13

Long term memory (LTM)

Answer 13

the deepest level of encoding information, theoretically limited memory that contains facts, autobiographical events, and learned skills.

Question 14

LTM - Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 14

an encoding strategy to facilitate new memory by making connections to old ones

Question 15

Two types of LTM

Answer 15

Explicit memory (declarative memory) and Implicit memory

Question 16

Explicit memory

Answer 16

Conscious memories for personal experiences or facts about the world

Question 17

2 types of explicit memory

Answer 17

Episodic memory, sematic memory

Question 18

Episodic memory

Answer 18

memories acquired through personal experience

Question 19

Sematic memory

Answer 19

memory for facts someone has learned

Question 20

2 types of implicit memory

Answer 20

Procedural memory and Repetition priming

Question 21

Procedural memory

Answer 21

implicit memory for motor skills

Question 22

Repetition priming

Answer 22

the way that a person’s performance of certain tasks can improve without their awareness merely as a result of previous exposure to the task

Question 23

Levels of Processing model

Answer 23

denies that there are distinct memory stages or stores. says that the more deeply an item is processed, the easier it is to be recalled

Question 24

three levels of levels of processing model

Answer 24

Structural, Phonological and Sematic

Question 25

Structural

Answer 25

(shallow) encode the physical qualities/appearance

Question 26

Phonological

Answer 26

(intermediate) encode sound and auditory

Question 27

sematic

Answer 27

(deep) encode meaning and associate with existing knowledge

Question 28

Remembering

Answer 28

Retrieval of info from LTM. occurs through recognition or recall

Question 29

2 types of remembering

Answer 29

Recognition and recall

Question 30

recognition

Answer 30

occurs when you are presented with something and can tell what it is

Question 31

Recall

Answer 31

occurs when you produce something from LTM entirely on your own

Question 32

Retrieval cues

Answer 32

any hint or association that helps to retrieve info from LTM

Question 33

3 types of retrieval cues

Answer 33

Context-dependent memory, state-dependent memory and flashbulb memory

Question 34

Context-dependent memory

Answer 34

the improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same.

Question 35

State-dependent memory

Answer 35

the retrieval of recently obtained information may be potential if the subject exists in a similar physiological situation as for the period of the encoding stage.

Question 36

Flash blub memory

Answer 36

a vivid enduring moment associated with something significant personally and emotionally.

Question 37

sins of memory

Answer 37

Transience, Absentmindedness, Blocking, Misattribution, Suggestibility, Bias and Persistence

Question 38

Transience

Answer 38

the fading of memories from LTM. “forgetting” occurs because of new memory interfering with retrieving old memories and vice versa

Question 39

Absentmindedness

Answer 39

Lapses of attention that result in a failure to recall information. Can happen because information was not encoded properly or not at all, or was encoded properly and cant be retrieved at the moment

Question 40

Blocking

Answer 40

A memory is encoded properly but just can’t be recalled at the moment

Question 41

Misattribution

Answer 41

When a memory is attributed somewhere other than it’s source

Question 42

Suggestibility

Answer 42

type of Misattribution where memory originates from suggestions from someone else.

Question 43

Bias

Answer 43

Current attitudes, feelings, and beliefs distort memories from the past

Question 44

Persistence

Answer 44

When an unpleasant memory intrudes upon a person’s thoughts against his will