Module 13

Question 1

Psychological disorder

Answer 1

defined differently by different theorists and in different contexts

Question 2

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Answer 2

the manual published by the American Psychiatric Association which classifies, describes, and presents diagnostic criteria for psychological disorders.

Question 3

How does The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) define a psychological disorder

Answer 3

two primary conditions exist in any psychological disorder: Psychological dysfunction: A breakdown in mental functioning cognitive, emotional, or behavioral
b. Impairment in functioning.
Problems experienced in important areas of life as a result of the psychological symptoms. For example, trouble at work, school, or personal relationships, or trouble with the law.

Question 4

Abnormal psychology

Answer 4

the scientific study of of these states of mind and behavior that deviate.

Question 5

The Myth of Mental Illness View:

Answer 5

proposed by Thomas Szasz. Mental illness is really a metaphor for problems in living and does not refer to actual illness or disease processes. Emphasized that people should have the right to be given any sort of treatment for their symptoms they deem fit.

Question 6

Involuntary commitment

Answer 6

Primarily concerned with individuals being committed to psychiatric institutions against their will

Question 7

Deinstitutionalization:

Answer 7

trend to do everything possible to keep patients out of mental institutions

Question 8

Medical model

Answer 8

this model of psychological disorders in which the disorders are framed as actual illnesses with specific causes and which necessitate treatment with psychotherapy, medication, or some other process.

Question 9

Stigma

Answer 9

possible negative social and psychological consequences to a person of merely being labeled with a mental illness diagnosis

Question 10

The Harmful Dysfunction View

Answer 10

Disorder exists when symptoms cause harm according to subjective social or cultural judgments, and there is objective evidence of dysfunction. Dysfunction is said to exist only when a psychological characteristic or mechanism is not performing the function for which it evoloved through natural selection.

Question 11

Schizophrenia

Answer 11

group of related psychotic disorders characterized by severely distorted perception and experience of reality, disorganized thought and speech, and inappropriate emotions or emotional responses

Question 12

Psychotic disorders

Answer 12

disorders characterized by severely impaired ability to grasp reality and respond rationally

Question 13

Positive symptoms

Answer 13

Symptoms of schizophrenia which include the addition of something to a person’s behavior which are not expected of a mentally healthy person.

Question 14

Negative symptoms

Answer 14

Less obvious symptoms which include the absence of characteristics which are expected of a mentally healthy person

Question 15

Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

Answer 15

Depression, Mania, Major depression, and bipolar disorder

Question 16

Depression

Answer 16

A mood state characterized by exaggerated and prolonged feelings of sadness, hopelessness, helplessness, grief, guilt, and low feelings of self-worth

Question 17

Mania

Answer 17

Characterized by ceaseless energy that may be expressed as exaggerated feelings of elation, unrealistically high self-esteem, and racing thoughts

Question 18

Major depression

Answer 18

diagnosed when an individual shows signs of depression consistently for at least two weeks

Question 19

hopelessness theory

Answer 19

revised version of Learned Helplessness) , the cognitive style most likely to lead to depression has three characteristics

Question 20

1st characteristic of hopelessness theory

Answer 20

Negative events attributed to internal causes and personal failings

Question 21

2nd characteristic of hopelessness theory

Answer 21

Causes of negative events are thought to be stable and global.

Question 22

3rd characteristic of hopelessness theory

Answer 22

Severe negative consequences are anticipated to follow from negative events

Question 23

Anxiety

Answer 23

Anxiety is an unpleasant feeling of tension, physiological arousal (e.g., increased heart rate), and apprehension or worry that greets us when we anticipate some sort of threat

Question 24

Anxiety Disorders

Answer 24

Anxiety, OCD (contamination obsession, doubt obsession and symmetry obsession) specific phobia, panic disorder and panic attack, and PTSD

Question 25

Specific Phobia

Answer 25

abnormal responses to unrealistic perceptions of danger, irrational, powerful, highly specific, and disruptive. The most common, but frequently the least disabling.

Question 26

Panic disorder and panic attacks

Answer 26

Panic attacks may be as brief as a minute or as long as an hour or even longer, although the average panic attack reaches a peak at about 10 minutes

Question 27

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Answer 27

Traumatic exposure to death, threats of death, or extreme violence may result in PTSD
A generally chronic anxiety disorder characterized by three basic symptoms

Question 28

1st symptom of PTSD

Answer 28

Re-experiencing the traumatic event in nightmares, daytime “flashbacks,” or intrusive thoughts

Question 29

2nd symptom of PTSD

Answer 29

Numbing—feelings of detachment from others, loss of interest in activities, and a restricted range of emotional responses

Question 30

3rd symptom of PTSD

Answer 30

Symptoms of physiological arousal resulting in sleep problems, bursts of anger, or an exaggerated startle response

Question 31

Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder

Answer 31

Preoccupied with order, perfection, and control; lack of flexibility and openness to new experiences

Question 32

Personality disorders

Answer 32

Personality disorders are pervasive, chronic patterns of dysfunctional thinking and relating to the world which generally begin in adolescence and last throughout a person’s lifespan

Question 33

Antisocial personality disorder

Answer 33

Violation of the rights of others; lack of empathy; reckless and impulsive; callous; lack of remorse; deceitfulness, often criminal behavior; aggression and violence, substance abuse

Question 34

Paranoid Personality disorder

Answer 34

Distrust and suspiciousness of others, easily offended, hyper-vigilant (always on the lookout)

Question 35

Narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 35

Need for admiration, lack of empathy with others beliefs than one is special and the rules of others don’t apply, seemingly high self-esteem that is actually easily crushed

Question 36

Borderline personality disorder

Answer 36

Rollercoaster emotions and relationships, unstable self-image, lack of control over impulses, fear of abandonment, tendency to self-harm, feelings of emptiness neediness and mistrust