Module 11

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

consists of variations on common human mental and behavioral characteristics, traits, characteristic adaptations, and self-narratives.

Question 2

Personality psychology

Answer 2

attempts to study similarities and differences in these patterns among different people and groups.

Question 3

Prominent grand theories were introduced by

Answer 3

psychoanalysts, behaviorists, and humanists.

Question 4

Psychoanalyst theory

Answer 4

Structural Model of the Mind

Question 5

Structural Model of the Mind

Answer 5

Freud came to believe that the mind consisted of a number of integrated processes or metaphorical “structures” that eventually were called the id (it), ego (I), and superego (over me).

Question 6

Id (primary process)

Answer 6

represents the part of the mind which lacks moral restraint or a conception of right and wrong, and cares only for satisfaction of its own cravings - seeking pleasure and avoiding pain (the pleasure principle)

Question 7

Ego (secondary process)

Answer 7

represents that part of the mind which operates according to the reality principle.

Question 8

Reality Principle

Answer 8

allows the person to delay gratifications in the service of a later beneficial outcome, and is the principle by which the ego makes decisions bearing on the survival and functioning of the person.

Question 9

Superego

Answer 9

represents the conscience and is the wellspring of human morality

Question 10

Ego defense mechanisms

Answer 10

are a group of psychological mechanisms described in part by Freud but primarily by his daughter Anna

Question 11

7 Ego defense mechanisms

Answer 11

denial, displacement, projection, reaction formation, repression, sublimation, undoing

Question 12

Denial

Answer 12

when events or realities that are threatening the ego are ignored.

Question 13

Displacement

Answer 13

When an aggressive impulse is redirected from the actual (threatening) target to another, less threatening target.

Question 14

Projection

Answer 14

One one’s own unacceptable wishes or impulses are attributed to the person who was the object of the unacceptable wish or impulse

Question 15

Reaction formation

Answer 15

When an unacceptable wish or impulse is transformed into an exaggerated version of its opposite

Question 16

Repression

Answer 16

Removal from conscious awareness or memory of an unacceptable wish or impulse.

Question 17

sublimation

Answer 17

when an unacceptable wish or impulse is “translated” into a socially acceptable behavior

Question 18

Undoing

Answer 18

Unconscious “atoning” for an unacceptable thought or behavior through a second, acceptable thought or behavior

Question 19

Behaviorism

Answer 19

John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. Behaviors acquired through association between stimuli or experiences of reinforcement and punishment become both the definition and expression of each person’s personality.

Question 20

Social-Cognitive Theory

Answer 20

Albert Bandura. emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality. In social-cognitive theory, the concepts of reciprocal determinism, observational learning, and self-efficacy all play a part in personality development.

Question 21

Humanists

Answer 21

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. believe humans are reasoning creatures, born with free will and innate strivings for positive goals. People face problems in a generally rational manner and try to make good decisions that will benefit themselves and others.

Question 22

self-concept

Answer 22

our thoughts and feelings about ourselves

Question 23

Accurate empathy

Answer 23

The quality of communication between two people where each person genuinely listens to the other’s words, hears the words, perceives the intention accurately, and withholds judgment.

Question 24

Congruence

Answer 24

An environment of development where those surrounding the developing person are genuine

Question 25

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 25

Relationships where the love and approval a person receives from important others is given freely and is not dependent upon conditions

Question 26

Positive self-regard

Answer 26

feelings of self-worth and self-esteem, and being loved and accepted

Question 27

Conditions of worth

Answer 27

conditions the child must fulfill to receive acceptance and love and approval from important people in their life

Question 28

Self-esteem

Answer 28

a person’s cognitive and emotional assessment or evaluation of his or her self-worth.

Question 29

Traits

Answer 29

relatively stable personality characteristics, attributes, and motivations that can be commonly captured in adjectives such as honest, cheerful, kind, short-tempered, conscientious, etc

Question 30

States

Answer 30

emotions, moods, or other characteristics and attributes which are temporary in nature

Question 31

Trait perspective

Answer 31

branch of personality psychology which emphasizes description rather than explanation of people’s characteristic patterns of behavior, thought, emotion, and motivation.

Question 32

two-factor model of personality

Answer 32

the superordinate trait dimensions are extraversion-introversion and emotional instability-stability.

Question 33

five-factor model (the “Big Five”)

Answer 33

empirical trait model of personality consisting of five trait dimensions or factors within which all other “lower-order” traits can be found.

Question 34

Person-situation controversy

Answer 34

The debate contrasted the views of those who believed traits were of primary importance in determining behavior and those who believed that situations - not traits - determine behavior.

Question 35

Personality assessment

Answer 35

Personality is usually assessed with projective tests and objective tests

Question 36

Self-report questionnaire

Answer 36

Self-report inventories are a kind of objective test used to assess personality. They typically use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, which represent a range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree)

Question 37

Informant report questionnaire

Answer 37

questionnaires completed by people who know the target well

Question 38

Projective tests

Answer 38

the person taking the test is said to unconsciously “project” his or her personality or psychiatric disorder into test items that might seem quite ambiguous - that is, on their face they may be interpreted in a great many ways.

Question 39

Rorschach test

Answer 39

presents a test-taker with a standard set of 10 cards, each containing symmetrical inkblots, five in color and five in black and white

Question 40

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Answer 40

The test-taker is asked to tell the “story” of the drawing. In creating the story, the test-taker reveals important motives, drives, conflicts, emotions, and other psychological variables.

Question 41

Objective tests

Answer 41

use computer analysis to empirically measure personality characteristics.