Module 10 Motivation Flashcards
Motivation
mental states which cause people to engage in behavior directed toward achieving some goal or satisfying a need or desire (purposive behavior)
What are the 3 things motivation does
Energizes behavior, Directs behavior and sustains behavior
Energizes Behavior
This aspect of motivation deals with the question of “What motivates people?”
Directs Behavior
This aspect of motivation deals with the question of choice and conflict among competing behavioral alternatives.
Sustains Behavior
This aspect of motivation deals with how behavior is sustained and stopped.
Drives
Desires to reduce unpleasant arousal states
Drive Theory
proposes that behavior is motivated primarily by the desire to reduce unpleasant conditions of arousal which have resulted from basic physiological needs.
Incentive theory
behavior is motivated by outside reinforcement or incentives versus internal forces.
Positive Incentives
rewards received from taking certain actions, such as receiving a commission if you make a specific number of sales.
Negative Incentives
punishments received from taking certain actions, such as getting a speeding ticket if you drive faster than the law allows.
Optimal arousal theory
states that people seek to maintain an optimal level of physiological arousal
Expectancy theory
Describes the relationship of what people value (valence), the effort (expectancy) and the behavior, performance, or action is needed to obtain it (instrumentality).
3 parts of the expectancy theory
Expectancy, Instrumentality, Valence
Expectancy
perceived probability that effort will lead to good performance.
Instrumentality
perceived probability that good performance will lead to desired outcomes (rewards)
Valence
value of expected outcomes to the individual
Needs
internal states of tension that motivate a person toward some action.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs (low to high)
Physiological, Security, Social, Esteem, Self-actualization
Behavioral approach
Classical conditioning states that biological responses to associated stimuli energize and direct behavior. Operant learning states the primary motivator are consequences.
Humanistic approach
Emphasize intrinsic sources of motivation as a person’s needs for self-actualization
Cognitive approach
Human behavior is influenced by the way people think about themselves and their environment, not simply by whether they have been rewarded or punished for the behavior.
Social learning approach
Integration of behavioral and cognitive approaches
Motivation is seen as the product of two main forces (expectancy and value theories), the individual’s expectation of reaching a goal and the value of that goal to the self.
Hunger
largely homeostatic drive state that is turned on and off by various physiological changes in the body
Appetite
is our desire to eat. Although appetite is often driven by hunger, it can also be influenced by any number of things including psychological, social-environmental, or cultural factors
Eating Disorder
Is any number of complex conditions involving unhealthy patterns of eating or not eating.
Social motivation
Innate human motivation to interact with other humans
Need to affiliate
need to mingle with other people in the same space
need to belong
a person must experience frequent, primarily positive interactions with at least a few other people
Loneliness
overwhelmingly unpleasant feeling that results when there is some type of discrepancy between our perception of the interpersonal relationships we have, and the relationships we wish to have
Human aggression
general term used when an individual or group carries out an act that is intended to harm another individual or group in some way
Instrumental aggression
a type of aggression used to gain some personal benefit
Hostile aggression
a type of aggression where the ultimate purpose is harming the victim.
Competence motivation
the need to be effective in one’s life to be able to perform some action or task successfully
Achievement motivation
an aspect of competence motivation which describes the motivation to attain and accomplish.
Prosocial Behavior
Voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people is called prosocial behavior
Helping behaviors
A type of prosocial behavior where behaviors are intended to benefit another person.
4 categories of helping behaviors
casual helping, emergency helping, substantial personal helping, and emotional helping
casual helping
involves doing small favors for casual acquaintances
substantial personal helping
putting out a lot of effort to help someone over an extended time, so that the recipient can have a benefit
Emotional helping
providing care and personalized emotional support to another
emergency helping
assisting someone who has an acute problem
Altruism
A type of prosocial behavior where the offering of assistance to others is done without expectation of immediate reward.
