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biology > module 6 - ecosystems, population and stability > Flashcards

module 6 - ecosystems, population and stability Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define biotic conditions
give examples

A

living conditions in the habitat for a species.
e.g. predation, interspecific competition

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2
Q

define abiotic conditions
give examples

A

non-living conditions in the habitat of a species
climate, sunlight water availability

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3
Q

why are plants central to all ecosystems

A

because they produce biomass through photosynthesis.

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4
Q

how are organic molecules produced in plants, (biomass) used

A

organic molecules are used as respiratory substances and to make other biological molecules (carbs, proteins and lipids)

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5
Q

define biomass

A

the chemical energy store for an organism
energy stored within biomass can be passed along the food chain to different trophic levels

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6
Q

how can you measure biomass

A

in terms of per unit area or the mass of carbon in an organism - use calorimeter

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7
Q

define gross primary production

A

the chemical energy stored in a plant, in a given area or volume. during respiration, almost half of GPP is lost as heat - respiratory loss (R)

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8
Q

define net primary production

A

the chemical energy stored in a plant biomass after respiratory losses (R)
to the environment have been taken into account.
NPP= GPP-R

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9
Q

define consumer production

A

net production of consumers, refers to the production of new biomass by the consumer. consumers cannot convert all the energy available from the previous trophic level due to energy loss. e.g. respiration, excretion,

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10
Q

how do you calculate consumer production

A

N= I - (F+R)
N = net production of new biomass by consumers,
I= chemical energy stored in ingested food.
F= chemical energy lost to the environment in faeces and urine.
R = chemical energy used in respiration

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11
Q

define respiratory loss

A

the energy lost as heat during respiration

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12
Q

what are saprobionts

A

microorganisms that feed on dead or decaying matter.
play an important role in decomposition and recycling nutrients

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13
Q

why is nutrient recycling important

A

nutrient recycling is important in ecosystems because it allows the nutrients to be continually recused

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14
Q

how do saprobionts digest the decaying/ dead matter

A

secrete enzymes onto dead organic matter - extracellular digestion
they then absorb the digested molecules for storage or use in respiration

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14
Q

what stage of the nitrogen cycle are saprobionts important in

A

ammonification stage - ammonium ions are released as a result of extracellular digestion

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15
Q

what are the stages of the nitrogen cycle

A
  1. nitrogen fixation - atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted to ammonia (NH3) by nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil.
  2. ammonification - decomposition of a dead organism releases ammonium ions
  3. nitrification - ammonium ions are converted into nitrates by bacteria in the soil
  4. denitrification - denitrifying bacteria converts nitrates in the soil back into atmospheric nitrogen (N2)
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16
Q

at what stage in the nitrogen cycle is atmospheric nitrogen converted into ammonia

A

nitrogen-fixation

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17
Q

what are the types of biochemical carbon stores

A

terrestrial - decay conversion into other carbon stores in soil
roles of organisms - photosynthesis etc.
oceans - compression and cementation of organic matter forming sedimentary rock
atmosphere - carbon dioxide

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18
Q

what are the geological carbon stores

A

formation of natural gas - methane
formation of limestone - compacted phytoplankton organisms
formation of coal - land based plants
formation of crude oil

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19
Q

what are terrestrial primary producers

A

(usually plants) are the first organisms in the food chain.
make their own energy from sunlight and CO2 through photosynthesis

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20
Q

through what process do land-based plants sequester carbon?

A

photosynthesis

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21
Q

what processes are involved in the formation of crude oil

A

settling of fine-grained sediments
anaerobic reactions
impermeable rock will result in crude oil being trapped

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22
Q

what type of relationship is formed between mycorrhizae and the roots in the plants

A

symbiotic - close or intimate relationship between members of two different species

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23
Q

what is leaching

A

when water soluble plant nutrients are lost from the soil

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24
Q

what is the name given to the chemical store of an organism

A

biomass

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25
Q

what term describes the rate of production of new biomass

A

productivity

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26
Q

what are some ways to reduce energy loss in secondary productivity?

A

limit movement of animals
antibiotics
heating in barns

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27
Q

what confidence level are statistically significant biological results given to?

A

p<0.05

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28
Q

define succession in ecosystems

A

the changes in an ecosystem over time - due to complex interactions between organisms and their environment

29
Q

define primary succession in ecosystems

A

changes that take place on newly exposed or newly formed land. - colonised by living things

30
Q

describe the process of secondary succession

A
  1. pioneer species colonise damaged land.
  2. colonisation by new species
  3. increased complexity
  4. climax community - ecosystem reaches an equilibrium point
31
Q

describe the process of primary succession

A
  1. pioneer species - colonise newly exposed land
  2. soil formation - pioneer species break down substances on exposed land
  3. colonisation by new species - less hostile now
  4. altering abiotic conditions - composition of soil changes
32
Q

define deflected succession

A

ecosystems are disturbed by humans, succession cannot take place.

33
Q

what conditions do new species alter when they colonise an area

A

abiotic - non-living

34
Q

what is the equilibrium state in an ecosystem called

A

climax community

35
Q

what is the Mark-Release-Recapture process

A

used to investigate population size of mobile organisms
1. capture - (small) Sherman trap, (large) Pitfall trap
2. mark - using tags, bands or paint etc
3. release - marked animals released back into environment
4. recapture - new sample collected from trapped and process is repeated

36
Q

what is the maximum size a population can maintain called?

A

carrying capacity

37
Q

when can exponential (continuous) growth occur?

A

when there is an infinite supply of resources (not in real ecosystems)

38
Q

how do abiotic factors (non-living) influence carrying capacity of a species

A

promote growth - favourable for species to reproduce

slowing growth - conditions unfavourable for the species so fewer reproductions

39
Q

define interspecific competition

A

competition between individuals in different species

40
Q

define intraspecific competition

A

competition between individuals in the same species

41
Q

define predation

A

one species is killed and eaten by another species (predators and prey)

42
Q

how is succession managed?

A

grazing - animals graze to prevent growth of vegetation

burning - kills vegetation and encourages secondary succession

43
Q

what are the two main human threats on biodiversity

A

population growth and resource exploitation

44
Q

define “seral stages”

A

when succession after succession continues

45
Q

what makes a climax community

A

large range of biodiversity
dominant species
environment becomes stable and reaches an equilibrium

46
Q

why does secondary succession take less time than primary?

A

because there is already a base, some soil, left so it takes less work for the pioneer species to change/ alter and produce more soil

47
Q

what is “plagioclimax”

A

plagio - relates to humans
natural succession changed due to humans

48
Q

describe the process of coppicing

A
  • trunk cut close to base
  • several new shoots grow from surface
    –> protect young shoots from grazers
  • process repeated indefinitely after a certain time
49
Q

what are the benefits of coppicing

A

 new stems grow more rapidly than
saplings
 lifespan of tree extended
 provides variety of light levels
 fewer large trees means more light for
smaller plants
 provides a variety of habitats
 roots prevent soil erosion
 maintains soil quality
 prevents succession
 large machinery not needed

50
Q

how can we measure biomass transferred?

A

measured in terms of Carbon or dry mass of tissue

51
Q

formula for efficiency of biomass transferred

A

efficiency=biomass transferred / biomass intake x 100

52
Q

what are the nitrogen-fixing bacteria and where are they found?

A

Rhizobium in the root nodules of leguminous plants
Azotobacter in the soil

53
Q

what are the nitrifying bacteria and what do they do

A

Nitrosomonas convert ammonium into nitrites
Nitrobacter converts nitrites into nitrates

54
Q

what is deflected succession

A

where succession is interrupted, usually by human interference

55
Q

Define carrying capacity

A

the maximum population size that a habitat can support, defined by the presence of limiting factors

56
Q

Describe the difference between conservation and preservation

A

Conservation allows sustainable use of resources there

Preservation maintains an ecosystem/habitats present state

57
Q

Give social, economic and ethical reasons as to why we conserve and preserve habitats

A

economic - food source, natural pest control, boosts tourism

social - many organisms can be used in medicine, aesthetics

ethical - we have responsibility to maintain habitats for future generations

58
Q

define sustainability

A

using resources in a way that maintains them for future generations

59
Q

what methods allow sustainable use of an ecosystem’s resources

A

timber production = coppicing, replacing felled trees, selective cutting

fishing = stocks not depleted, no overfishing, continue indefinitely

60
Q

define net primary productivity

A

the rate at which energy is transferred into the organic molecules that make up new plant biomass, after respiratory losses

61
Q

abundance of organisms can be measured with the use of:

A

belt transect - 2 tape measures, measure at intervals down the line
quadrat - random sampling in a square frame
line transect - line placed across a habitat - species in contact with line are recorded

62
Q

what are ways ecosystems can be managed to protect the species and habitats

A
  • controlling number of visitors/ tourists
  • involvement of local communities
  • education of local communities
  • active management of vegetation
  • control of the introduction of species
63
Q
A
64
Q

Explain the term succession

A

Directional changes in composition of species over a period of time. Seral stages (seres), one stage changes conditions for the next. Add examples: e.g. soil becomes more stabilised leading to a climax community

65
Q

Explain the difference in protein yield in leguminous plants compared to other plants

A

Rhizobium bacteria in root nodules - nitrogen-fixing bacteria that convert nitrogen into nitrate ions/ ammonium ions for plants to absorb. Plants use nitrates to make amino acids for protein synthesis

66
Q

What does the graph look like for predator prey population correlation

A

Predator is always slightly to the right and lower peaks than prey

67
Q

Explain biotic factors that lead to population explosion of prey

A
  1. Fewer predators
  2. High abundance of alternative prey for predators
  3. Increased food availability
68
Q

State ways which managing woodland as a mix of standard and coppiced trees would be of economic benefit to the land owner

A

Coppicing can increase ecotourism by increasing biodiversity
Coppicing is continual
Different variety of wood products can be sold
Larger pieces of wood can be produced from standard which are more valuable

69
Q

Describe the Masai Mara national reserve -

A

Suffered from deforestation of acacia bushes, causing increased soil erosion

70
Q

Define detritivore
give an example

A

An organism that breaks down large pieces of dead material into smaller pieces - heteroytic e.g. earthworms

biology (22 decks)

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