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Foundation of animal health and disease 1 > Module 6&7 > Flashcards

Module 6&7 Flashcards

Formulating Rations Or Ration Formulations

1
Q

What are the information needed for diet

A

Requirements, nutrient in food, nutrient availability, Non-nutritive elements, Daily intake, cost

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2
Q

What are the nutrient requirements

A

maintenance + specific functions (e.g. growth, lactation, pregnancy etc)

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3
Q

What is the allowance for nutrient requirements

A

requirement + safety factor (5%)

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4
Q

What factors affect nutrient requirements

A

e.g. breed, age, sex, species, health status, physiological status, environment, activity etc

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5
Q

Where does the sources of nutrient composition come from

A
  1. Laboratory analysis (preferred)

2. Published values (books + online databases)

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6
Q

Why is it more appropriate to state available nutrients rather than total nutrients.

A

Because it is more important to know the amount of nutrients in the diet that are available to the animal

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7
Q

Publications of nutrient requirements

A
  1. AFRC (1991). Nutrient requirements of sows & boars. Nutr. Abst. Res. & Rev. 60 (Series B): 383.
  2. ARC (1980). Nutrient requirements ruminant livestock. Oxford: CAB
  3. AAFCO (updated each year).
  4. National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Dog Nutrition (1985) Nutrient requirements of dogs / Subcommittee on Dog Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council. Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press
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8
Q

What may be the non-nutritive characteristics of the feed

A
  • Presence of anti-nutritional factors and toxins – e.g. trypsin inhibitors (soyabean), alkaloids (lupins)
  • Associative effects –e.g. negative interaction between forages and concentrates (for ruminants)
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9
Q

How does expected intake affect the diet

A

must be palatable enough to optimise nutrient intake

• Consider limitations imposed on intake by certain ingredients (e.g. fat & urea for ruminants).

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10
Q

What are ways to formulate a diet with cost

A

Least cost formulation vs guaranteed content formulation

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11
Q

What are the ways to do diet formulation

A
  1. Pearson Square
  2. Algebraic equations
  3. Trial and error method
  4. Computer linear programming
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12
Q

Mechanics of diet formulation

A

• First, formulated for one nutrient, then check the adequacy of other nutrients
– e.g. balance for protein first, then check for adequacy of energy or vice versa
• Simple diets formulated by hand, using Pearson’s square or algebraic equation method

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13
Q

What are the advantage having diet formulated by computer

A

• All commercial feeds are formulated by computers using linear programming
– Simultaneous solution of many linear equations to determine the optimum allocation of feed ingredients
– Optimises profits or minimise costs (the least expensive selection of ingredients)
• Most accurate method of ration formulation
• Computers can store both feed analysis and animal requirement databases.

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14
Q

What are the properties of pearson square

A
  • Method satisfies only one nutrient, and uses only two feed ingredients
  • Level of nutrient being calculated should be intermediate between the nutrient concentration of the two ingredients being used
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15
Q

What are gilts

A

pigs that are pregnant for the first time

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16
Q

What are sows

A

Pigs that are pregnant the second time or more

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17
Q

What are the mortality rate of Gilts vs. Sows

A

gilt’s babies have high mortality rate

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18
Q

What are the reason for the high mortality rate of the babies

A

Reproductive failure, legs strength (not enough to support lactation), not standing to boar, health, poor milker

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19
Q

What does Lysine have to do with mortality rate

A

Reducing lysine will reduce growth and prioritise more on reproduction

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20
Q

What is the difference of diet between meat pigs and reproducing pigs during the period 21 days before mating

A

reproducing pig should have slower growth

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21
Q

What is a phase feeding gilts

A

A technique of feed to convert meat pigs to reproducing pigs

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22
Q

What should be done when is it closer to mating for phase feeding gilts

A

Nutrient to get flush effect, building enough nutrients for reproduction

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23
Q

What should be done during pregnancy for phase feeding gilts

A

Limit feeding to prevent return them to lean meat.

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24
Q

Why must lactation be met for nutrients

A

to prepare for the next pregnancy

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25
Q

What are biological cycles

A

cyclical patterns. E.g. sleep/wake activity cycles, hibernation, molting, breeding activity etc.

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26
Q

What are Circadian rhythms

A

The circadian clock refers to the endogenous oscillator of animals which regulate biological processes on a daily cycle

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27
Q

What are circannual rhythm

A

biological timing mechanisms of animals which regulate biological processes on an annual cycle. e.g. Egg laying in chinstrap penguins

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28
Q

How does an animal regulate its bodily activities on an daily or yearly cycle?

A
  • animals can detect changes to the length of daylight

* the length of daylight is referred to as the ‘photoperiod’.

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29
Q

What is photoperiod

A
  • seasonal changes

* associated with variations in environmental temperature, climate and the availability of quality feed.

30
Q

How does an animal detect photoperiod changes?

A
  • daylight / eye signals
  • neural circuitry from retina to brain
  • transduce light signal to hormonal signal
31
Q

How does neural control of biological cycles

A

melatonin releases in the pineal gland when there are no light as a stimulation

32
Q

What is the pathway of the Neural control of biological cycles

A
  • Light exposure to the retina is relayed to SCN of the hypothalamus
  • SCN hypothalamus superior cervical ganglia
  • superior cervical ganglia to pineal gland
  • pineal gland transduces nervous signals into a hormonal signal melatonin.
33
Q

What happens to the pineal gland during night?

A

Tryptophan is converted 5-OH-tryptophan by trytphan-5-hydroxylase.

5-OH-Tryptophan converted to Serotonin by acid L-amino-aromatic decarboxylase

As it turn night, Serotonin- N-acetyltransferase (rate limiting step) is release to convert Serotonin to N-acetyl Serotonin,

N-acetyl Serotonin To melatonin into blood with Hydroxyindol-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT)

34
Q

What can melatonin do

A

inhibits the secretion of the gonadotropic hormones, this prevent animals to breed

35
Q

What affects air quality

A
  • bioaerosols
  • particulate Matter
  • gaseous waste products
  • allergens
36
Q

What are Bioaerosols

A

airborne particles that contain living organisms, fragments, toxins, and waste products. Possible health effects include exposure to infectious diseases, allergic reactions, respiratory symptoms and lung function impairment.

37
Q

What are Particulate Matter

A

• potential for particles to cause health effects is related to their size.
• Dust emitted from intensive farming may include fine particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 µm (termed PM 10 ).
• Agriculture (eg poultry houses) is a significant source of PM 10
•

38
Q

What are Gaseous waste products

A 
Intensive farming situations can result in the accumulation of high levels of gaseous wastes e.g.  
• carbon dioxide 
• ammonia  
• hydrogen sulfide 
• methane
39
Q

What can ammonia cause

A

damage occurs when anhydrous ammonia (liquid or gas) reacts with tissue water to form the strongly alkaline solution, NH3 + H2 O NH4 OH

  • destruction of cilia and the mucosal barrier to infection
  • sloughed epithelium, cellular debris, edema, and reactive smooth muscle contraction cause significant airway obstruction
40
Q

What happens when epithelium is sloughed

A

Airway epithelium can regain barrier integrity within 6 hours following exposure if the basal cell layer remains intact. However, damaged epithelium often is replaced by granular tissue, which may be one of the etiologies leading to chronic lung disease following ammonia inhalation injury.

41
Q

What are the effect of bad air quality

A
  • Cats and horses are known to suffer asthma-like symptoms
  • ‘Heaves’
  • Horses with heaves have decreased exercise tolerance, difficulty in breathing, have abnormal lung sounds and have chronic coughing
42
Q

Causes of heaves

A

allergic response
exposure of the lower airways to allergens dust and moulds

particularly those that come from poorly cured hay.

43
Q

What have key role in airway constriction in asthma

A

Mast cells

44
Q

How can airway closure be treated

A

bronchodilator

45
Q

What is Thermoregulation

A

Physiological and behavioural processes by which the animal attempts to maintain a stable internal body temperature by regulating heat gain and heat loss

46
Q

What are ways to input heat into the body temperature

A
  • Infrared radiation from the sun
  • Infrared radiation from solid objects
  • Conduction from the in-contact environment
  • Metabolic heat production
47
Q

What are ways to output heat into the body temperature

A
  • Evaporation
  • Convection
  • Infrared radiation from animal
  • Conduction into the in-contact environment
48
Q

What are homeotherm

A

An organism able to maintain a relatively stable internal ‘core’ temperature by internal means within a wide range of environmental temperatures

49
Q

What are Poikilotherm

A

An organism whose ‘core’ temperature varies considerably with the environmental temperature

50
Q

What are the advantage or homeotherms

A

High metabolic rate

Requires high energy intake

51
Q

What are the advantage or poikilotherms

A

Lower energy requirement

Better able to survive times of food shortage

52
Q

What is Thermoneutral zone

A

The range of ambient temperatures at which temperature regulation is achieved without regulatory changes in heat production or evaporative cooling.

53
Q

Heat loss by convection

A

Transfer of heat energy by air currents

Air in immediate contact with skin is warmed by conduction, warm air rises from the body

54
Q

Heat loss by radiation

A

• Emission of heat energy from the surface of the body in the form of electromagnetic waves

55
Q

How body size effects heat loss

A
  • Smaller animals have an increased surface area: volume ratio
  • Animals with increasing surface area: volume ratio lose heat more readily
56
Q

Equation of surface area

A

4πr2

57
Q

Volume

A

4/3(πr3)

58
Q

Non-shivering thermogenesis

A

• Hormones regulate heat production by the stimulation of fat metabolism

59
Q

What fat is capable of converting chemical energy into heat

A

Brown fat

60
Q

Piloerection

A
  • Contraction of muscles at the base of the fur/feather shaft to lift fur/feathers off the skin surface
  • Traps a layer of warmer air between the skin surface and the environment
61
Q

Skin Vasoconstriction

A
  • Constriction of skin blood vessels reduces blood flow through the skin
  • This decreases heat loss by keeping blood in the central core, where it is insulated from the external temperature
  • Skin temperature is reduced
62
Q

Pyrexia

A

(also known as ‘fever’) occurs in response to an elevation in the animal’s thermoregulatory set point

63
Q

HYPERTHERMIA to elevate body temperature

A
  • Elevated temperature with normal thermoregulatory ‘set point’
  • Response to hyperthemia is decrease heat production and increase heat loss
64
Q

HYPERTHERMIA to reduce body temperature

A
  • Low temperature with normal thermoregulatory ‘set point’

* Response is to increase heat production and decrease heat loss

65
Q

What animal are more susceptible to heat stress

A

Large animals due to their low surface area:volume ratio

66
Q

What can heat stress lead to

A
  • Decreased appetite
  • Decreased weight gain
  • Decreased milk production
  • Increased water consumption
  • Decreased fertility
  • Reduced exercise performance
  • Illness (heat stroke) and death
67
Q

How heat stress affect dairy cattles

A

Increase maintenance energy, reduce dry matter and rumination

lower pecentage of pregnang cows, increase risk of embryo death, low calf birth weight

Reduce milk production and its quality

68
Q

Strategies for prevention of heat stress

A
  • Provide shade : reduces heat gain from solar radiation
  • Use sprinklers and fans: increases heat loss through evaporation and convection
  • Provide cool drinking water
69
Q

What animal size are more susceptible to cold stress?

A

small animals due to their high surface area:volume ratio

70
Q

What can heat stress llead to?

A
  • Increased metabolic rate (leading to weight loss)
  • Increased feed intake
  • Decreased efficiency of feed conversion to product (meat, milk, eggs)
  • Altered body composition
  • Reduced survival of neonates
71
Q

What is chill index

A

Chill index (kJ/m2/hr) is a measure of the rate of heat loss, and depends on the temperature, rain and wind speed

72
Q

Strategies to reduce lamb mortalities due to cold stress

A

• Manage ewe nutrition during pregnancy to ensure optimal lamb birth weights
• Metabolism of brown fat in lambs is used to stay warm
Provide shelter to reduce wind speed and chill effects on lambs.
Planying hedges and shrubs to provide shelter

Foundation of animal health and disease 1 (16 decks)

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