Module 1

Question 1

What are the 3 major function for food

Answer 1

Energy, tissue building blocks, essential components, water

Question 2

What are the types of energy from food

Answer 2

Carbohydrates, fat, fibre(herbivores), proteins

Question 3

What are the types of tissue building blocks from food

Answer 3

Protein, fat

Question 4

What are the types of essential component from food

Answer 4

Vitamins, hormones (protein, fat, Micronutrients)

Question 5

Properties of fibre

Answer 5

Plants(forages), indigestible to carnivores, majoy herbivore food source

Question 6

Properties of Carbohydrates

Answer 6

cereal & vegetables, from concentrates, forages

Question 7

Properties of proteins

Answer 7

Plants (concentrates&forages), meat, milk/eggs

Question 8

Properties of Fats&oil

Answer 8

Meats, milk/egg, plants(often plant concentrates e.g. seeds& fruits)

Question 9

Properties of micronutrients

Answer 9

may come from all feed types

Question 10

What essential nutrient that cats need in food but not dogs?

Answer 10

Taurine

Question 11

What is an ideal pasture

Answer 11

Nutritious, meets nutritional requirement year-round, persists under grazing& out competes weeds, maintain ground cover(prevents erosion), doesnt cause health problem

Question 12

What are forages

Answer 12

Plant parts, fresh, ensiled(left in silos), dry(hay)

Question 13

Waht are concentrates

Answer 13

Seeds, fruits e.g cereal grains, wheat, barley, oats, rye
corn
-legume grains, lupins, peas

Question 14

What are the difference between legumes and grass

Answer 14

Fix nitrogen and are high protein forages

grass uses N from legumes and grows faster, causes few diseases, dont die over summer. Both needed

Question 15

What are examples of high protein grain

Answer 15

lupins

Question 16

What are indigestible by mammals in plant feed but digestible by microbes

Answer 16

Fibre

lignin(very few organisms can digest them), pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose (but high in energy)

Question 17

What are the carbohydrates in plants

Answer 17

Starches

Question 18

What are the protein in plants

Answer 18

crude protein

Question 19

What are the fats in plants

Answer 19

lipids

Question 20

What are the quality and quantity of pastures in autumn

Answer 20

Low and Low, increase as rainfall starts

Question 21

What are the quality and quantity of pastures in winter

Answer 21

High quality but low quantity

Question 22

What are the quality and quantity of pastures in spring

Answer 22

High quality abundant quantity

Question 23

What are the quality and quantity of pastures in summer

Answer 23

both declines

Question 24

What are parts of the head gut

Answer 24

mouth, pharynx

Question 25

What are parts of foregut

Answer 25

Oesophagus, stomach

Question 26

What are parts of hindgut

Answer 26

Caecum & colon forming large intestine

Question 27

How does birds breakdown food,

Answer 27

grinding in the muscular gizzards, may contain grit or stones

Question 28

What is the gut anatomy of carnivores and omnivores like

Answer 28

simple gut with small storage due to high biological value food but omnivore has more space for digestion & microbial fermentation

Question 29

What is the gut anatomy of herbivore like and how they fferment cellulose & other plant structures

Answer 29

Large gut sections needed to hold enough low nutritional value food & house microbes to digest carbohydrates. There are foregut fermenters and hindgut fermenters

Question 30

What are the advantages and disadvantages of foregut fermenters

Answer 30

Get benefits of microbiol digestion first, less efficient on high quality feed(digested by microbial), best at utilising low quality feed.

Question 31

What are the advantages and disadvantages of non-ruminant foregut fermenters

Answer 31

Does not have 4 chambers, muscular muscles and small microbial fermentation

Question 32

What are the adaptation of Grazers(ruminant)

Answer 32

dental pad, sharp bottom teeth, big molars

Question 33

What are the adaptation of carnivores

Answer 33

sharp canines, sharp molar, claws for tearing, powerful jaws

Question 34

What are the advantages and disadvantages of hindgut fermenters

Answer 34

Can digest better quality food in the upper gut (single chambered stomach), but canot utilise as many microbe products as ruminant without eating their faeces(coprophagy), (horse, rhinoceros, elephant)

Question 35

Categories of Ruminant

Answer 35

Grazers like cattle, sheep(fibrous forage like grass), Browsers like goats (prefer leaves), Concentrates selectors like deer,giraffe (fruits and seeds)

Question 36

What are pseudoruminant

Answer 36

2 + 1 chambers (camel)

Question 37

What are ruminants

Answer 37

3 fermentation chambers in foregut, + true stomach