Module 1 Flashcards

Feed Sources and the Anatomy of Digestion

1
Q

What are the 3 major function for food

A

Energy, tissue building blocks, essential components, water

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2
Q

What are the types of energy from food

A

Carbohydrates, fat, fibre(herbivores), proteins

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3
Q

What are the types of tissue building blocks from food

A

Protein, fat

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4
Q

What are the types of essential component from food

A

Vitamins, hormones (protein, fat, Micronutrients)

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5
Q

Properties of fibre

A

Plants(forages), indigestible to carnivores, majoy herbivore food source

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6
Q

Properties of Carbohydrates

A

cereal & vegetables, from concentrates, forages

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7
Q

Properties of proteins

A

Plants (concentrates&forages), meat, milk/eggs

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8
Q

Properties of Fats&oil

A

Meats, milk/egg, plants(often plant concentrates e.g. seeds& fruits)

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9
Q

Properties of micronutrients

A

may come from all feed types

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10
Q

What essential nutrient that cats need in food but not dogs?

A

Taurine

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11
Q

What is an ideal pasture

A

Nutritious, meets nutritional requirement year-round, persists under grazing& out competes weeds, maintain ground cover(prevents erosion), doesnt cause health problem

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12
Q

What are forages

A

Plant parts, fresh, ensiled(left in silos), dry(hay)

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13
Q

Waht are concentrates

A

Seeds, fruits e.g cereal grains, wheat, barley, oats, rye
corn
-legume grains, lupins, peas

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14
Q

What are the difference between legumes and grass

A

Fix nitrogen and are high protein forages

grass uses N from legumes and grows faster, causes few diseases, dont die over summer. Both needed

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15
Q

What are examples of high protein grain

A

lupins

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16
Q

What are indigestible by mammals in plant feed but digestible by microbes

A

Fibre

lignin(very few organisms can digest them), pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose (but high in energy)

17
Q

What are the carbohydrates in plants

18
Q

What are the protein in plants

A

crude protein

19
Q

What are the fats in plants

20
Q

What are the quality and quantity of pastures in autumn

A

Low and Low, increase as rainfall starts

21
Q

What are the quality and quantity of pastures in winter

A

High quality but low quantity

22
Q

What are the quality and quantity of pastures in spring

A

High quality abundant quantity

23
Q

What are the quality and quantity of pastures in summer

A

both declines

24
Q

What are parts of the head gut

A

mouth, pharynx

25
What are parts of foregut
Oesophagus, stomach
26
What are parts of hindgut
Caecum & colon forming large intestine
27
How does birds breakdown food,
grinding in the muscular gizzards, may contain grit or stones
28
What is the gut anatomy of carnivores and omnivores like
simple gut with small storage due to high biological value food but omnivore has more space for digestion & microbial fermentation
29
What is the gut anatomy of herbivore like and how they fferment cellulose & other plant structures
Large gut sections needed to hold enough low nutritional value food & house microbes to digest carbohydrates. There are foregut fermenters and hindgut fermenters
30
What are the advantages and disadvantages of foregut fermenters
Get benefits of microbiol digestion first, less efficient on high quality feed(digested by microbial), best at utilising low quality feed.
31
What are the advantages and disadvantages of non-ruminant foregut fermenters
Does not have 4 chambers, muscular muscles and small microbial fermentation
32
What are the adaptation of Grazers(ruminant)
dental pad, sharp bottom teeth, big molars
33
What are the adaptation of carnivores
sharp canines, sharp molar, claws for tearing, powerful jaws
34
What are the advantages and disadvantages of hindgut fermenters
Can digest better quality food in the upper gut (single chambered stomach), but canot utilise as many microbe products as ruminant without eating their faeces(coprophagy), (horse, rhinoceros, elephant)
35
Categories of Ruminant
Grazers like cattle, sheep(fibrous forage like grass), Browsers like goats (prefer leaves), Concentrates selectors like deer,giraffe (fruits and seeds)
36
What are pseudoruminant
2 + 1 chambers (camel)
37
What are ruminants
3 fermentation chambers in foregut, + true stomach