Module 2

Question 1

What are the macronutrients

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, protein, fat, fibre

Question 2

Where does essential and limiting amino acids come from

Answer 2

proteins

Question 3

What are the micronutrients

Answer 3

minerals(Macro and micro-minerals

) and vitamins (Fat and Water soluble)

Question 4

What are the dietary factors

Answer 4

Taste(texture, odour, visual) , forage composition(fibre), anti-nutritional factors(physical defense, tanins), feed processing
(particle size)

Question 5

Definition of calorie

Answer 5

amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g H2O 1°C.

Question 6

What does 1 Calorie equal to

Answer 6

1000 calories = 1kcal.

•1 calorie = 4.184 Joules

Question 7

What is the initial amount of energy called

Answer 7

Gross energy

Question 8

What does gross energy divide into?

Answer 8

Faecal energy and digestible energy

Question 9

What does digestible energy divide into

Answer 9

Urine, methane metabolizable energy

Question 10

What does metabolizable energy divide into

Answer 10

heat increment, net energy

Question 11

What does net energy divide into?

Answer 11

Used for maintenance and used for production like milk

Question 12

What is the sequence of energy ladder

Answer 12

Gross > digestible > metabolizable > Net energy

Question 13

What are the energy from feed component (MJ/kg)

Answer 13

Protein = 22.3, fat = 39.0, fibre = 17, carbohydrate = 16.8

Question 14

What are ideal protein

Answer 14

How the protein maps to animal’s need

Question 15

What are limiting amino acids in the Kjeldahl flow chart

Answer 15

aa found in the lowest quantity in a feedstuff, thus limiting protein construction

Question 16

What are essential amino acids in the Kjeldahl flow chart

Answer 16

aa that cannot be made by the body in sufficient quantities. Must be in diet. Conditional essentiality

Question 17

What are metabolised by the microbial to form microbial proteins

Answer 17

Broken down by protein as well : peptide, amino acids, ammonia

Question 18

What are lipids

Answer 18

fats (animal based) and oils (plant based)
–Simple lipids e.g. triglycerides
–Compound lipids e.g. phosholipids
–Others: waxes, steroids etc

• Energy storage mechanism
• Essential Fatty Acids

Question 19

Why cant cat convert linoleic acid to arachidonic acid

Answer 19

Cat do not contain delta6 Desaturase

Question 20

What are soluble fibre for

Answer 20

Fermentable to physiologically active compounds (& gases)

Question 21

What are insoluble fibre for

Answer 21

Metabolically inert. Important in aiding passage of digesta

Question 22

Where are fat soluble vitamins stored in the body

Answer 22

Absorbed with fat in small intestine Stored in liver and adipose tissues

Toxicities

Question 23

Where are water soluble vitamins stored in the body

Answer 23

Absorbed in small intestine

Filtered by kidneys and excreted Daily need –no toxicities

Question 24

what are the water soluble vitamins

Answer 24

all the mins and ines, all vitamin B, C

Question 25

What are fat soluble

Answer 25

all the rols and ones

Question 26

What are the macro-minerals

Answer 26

Sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, chloride Present in body tissues at concentrations >50 mg/kg (50 ppm)

Question 27

What are the micro-minerals

Answer 27

Chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, molybdenum, copper, zinc, fluoride, iodine, selenium, silicon, tin, arsenic, nickel Present in body tissues at concentrations <50 mg/kg (50 ppm)

Question 28

What are the ways in Measuring Feed Components

Answer 28

``` In vivo(living), –Expensive but specific –Growth trials, indicator trials ``` ``` In vitro(in glass, mimicking), –Cheaper, not species specific –Chemistry, fermenters ``` ``` in sacco(nylon bag to determine the amount of bacteria) –Ruminant studies. ```

Question 29

What are the units for protein, fat and fibre

Answer 29

g/kg

Question 30

What is the unit for vits & mins

Answer 30

mg/g or g/kg