Module 5

Question 1

What are the forms of supplementary feed?

Answer 1

– Grain
• Legume
• Cereal

– Roughage
• Hay
• Silage
• Straw

Question 2

How is hay produced

Answer 2

cutting grass/legume pastures in spring time when pasture growth is generally greater than stock consumption

Question 3

How is silage produced

Answer 3

generally cut earlier in the season and is fermented anaerobically (not totally cured in sun)

Question 4

How is straw produce

Answer 4

grass are left to sun

Question 5

What are the properties of cereal grains

Answer 5

– Wheat, triticale, barley, oats
• All have relatively good energy levels with a high amount of starch, usually 9-14 MJ/kgDM
• Variable protein levels but usually 7-14% protein range (often oats more variable than other grains)

Question 6

What are the properties of legume

Answer 6

• Legume
– Lupins, Peas
• Have high energy levels 11-15 MJ/kg DM
• Have very high protein levels 22-34% protein

Question 7

What are the practicalities of feeding

Answer 7

• Cost of transport (low weight to volume)
• Storage – pests, weather, EHS
• Liquid versus solid
• Feed container versus direct on ground
• Wastage
• Price per unit of energy
• Delivery from storage to animal – cost & time

Question 8

What affects pasture growth and nutrition

Answer 8

• Soil type/composition
• Pasture species
• Temperature & wind
• Rainfall

Question 9

What excess of heavy metals can also accumulate up the food chain

Answer 9

Mercury

Question 10

What is a trace element

Answer 10

element in the animal diet needed in relatively low quantities, generally required in ruminant diets at levels of less than 1 mg/kgDM of feed up to 50 mg/kgDM
generally required in ruminant diets at levels of less than 1 mg/kgDM of feed up to 50 mg/kgDM

Question 11

common livestock trace element deficiencies

Answer 11

• Iodine (I)
• Cobalt (Co) (australia)
• Copper (Cu)
• Selenium (Se) (aus)

Question 12

What are the impact of trace mineral status on biological function

Answer 12

Immunity & Enzyme, Maximum performance/Reproduction, Normal performance/reproduction

Question 13

What is the measurement of water quality

Answer 13

• Dissolved salts
• 1 dS/m = 1000uS/cm = 640 mg/L or 640 ppm
• pH
• Toxins

Question 14

What is are salinity tolerance for poultry

Answer 14

3100uS/cm

Question 15

What is the practicalities of a pasture

Answer 15

Dry stock, about 10% of body weight, available water to all area and whether its safe to drink, close enough to feed

Question 16

What high dietary intake decrease the availability of CU

Answer 16

Mo, S, Zn, Fe, Cd and Ca

Question 17

Why does the availability of Cu reduce

Answer 17

Particularly Mo & S reduce availability of Cu by forming thiomolybdate in the rumen

Question 18

What will Excess intake of P cause

Answer 18

Reduces absorption of Ca, need 1:1 or 2:1 (Ca:P)

Question 19

What behaviour influence nutrition

Answer 19

The animals lower down the pecking order may not gain access to feed. Thus, not all will be able to get the feed