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Foundation of animal health and disease 1 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

Changes in animals’ feed requirements

1
Q

Why there are very few times in an animals life when it will require its theoretical exact maintenance nutrition

A

Animals will either be losing or gaining weight or be in a reproductive phase

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2
Q

What is the average weight of female cattle calf

A

30kg

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3
Q

What is the average weight of female cattle vealer(first few months, need milk and grass)

A

200kg

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4
Q

What is the average weight of female cattle weaner (stopped drinking milk)

A

180-300kg

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5
Q

What is the average weight of female cattle yearling

A

250-400kg

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6
Q

What is the average weight of female cattle pregnancy

A

300-500kg

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7
Q

What is the average weight of female cattle adult

A

450-800kg

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8
Q

What is the average weight of female dog pup

A

380-500g

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9
Q

What is the average weight of female dog 6 weeks old (ready to by weaned)

A

3-4 kg

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10
Q

What is the average weight of female dog 12 weeks old

A

8-10kg

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11
Q

What is the average weight of female dog 6 months

A

15-20kg

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12
Q

What is the average weight of female dog pregnancy

A

33-38kg

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13
Q

What is the average weight of female dog adult

A

25-30kg

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14
Q

What is the Rate of energy deposition in pig uterus energy

A

E (MJ/day)=0.107e0.027t

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15
Q

In chickens the energetic cost of egg production has been described by

A

ME/hen daily = W0.75(173-1.95T)+5.5ΔW + 2.07EE

Where W = body weight (kg), T = ambient temperature (ºC), ΔW = change in body weight in g/day and EE = daily egg mass (g)

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16
Q

What is the energy requirement of egg production compared to uterine/fortal energetic cost

A

chicken are far more constant on an annual basis

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17
Q

What is the difference in wool production type

A

Primary versus secondary fibre (primary = day 60-90, secondary day 90 till birth). Feed timing important. depend on the size of progeny as well

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18
Q

What is need to change or require attention to died during the process of pregnancy and giving birth

A
  • Appropriate protein/energy in diet
  • Appropriate calcium/phosphorous ratio (also ratio of anion/cation in dairy cattle feed)
  • Adequate trace elements
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19
Q

What does both the mother and the baby need

A
  • Mother (dam) must be fit enough to physically give birth
  • Needs adequate sized pelvis and small enough young to physically give birth
  • Must produce adequate colostrum (containing immunoglobulin) to provide young with protection against disease while they are relatively immunocompetent
  • Young must be able to suck colostrum
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20
Q

Nutrient requirement of the young animal

A
  • Colostrum
  • Fat reserves (eg. brown fat in the lamb)
  • Milk
  • Yolk
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21
Q

What does the milk contain

A
  • All mammals

* High levels of fat and energy as well as immunoglobulins for transfer of immunity

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22
Q

What is important about colostrum

A

The quality

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23
Q

What is important when rearing babies and the parents in producing colostrum and food and milk

A

plain of nutrition. number of young, parity(first time mother or late), time of year , supplement

24
Q

What is the dry matter contained in milk

A

12.5%

25
Q

How is the quality feed of younger animals compared to older animals

A

It needs higher quality feed

26
Q

Fibre production

A
  • Sheep: wool
  • Alpaca: fibre • Goat: Mohair & Cashmere
  • Rabbit: Angora
  • Other eg. NZ possum
27
Q

What animals are efficient to meat production

A

Chicken, pig & fish are very efficient converters of feed to muscle

28
Q

Average maintenance requirement of sled dogs

A

500-550*W0.75 (kJ/d)

29
Q

How can performance be ranked

A

according to production traits, such as growth rate per day or rate of wool growth

30
Q

What is a maintenance diet

A

diet required to maintain any given animal at a set bodyweight

often choose a representative animal and define a set value of feed (generally energy) to maintain that animal

31
Q

What does DSE mean

A

Dry Sheep Equivalent, energy required to maintain a 45-50 kg wether (male castrate) sheep, 8 MJ per day, or 3,000 MJ per year (if feed is 10MJ/kgDM = 300 kg DM)

32
Q

What is the DSE of Pregnant ewes last 6 weeks bearing singles

A

1.5

33
Q

What is the DSE of Pregnant ewes last 6 weeks bearing twins

A

1.5

34
Q

What is the DSE of Ewes with single lamb at foot

A

2.5

35
Q

What is the DSE of Ewes with twin lamb at foot

A

3

36
Q

What is the DSE of Weaned calves

A

8

37
Q

What is the DSE of yearling/dry cows

A

8

38
Q

What is the DSE of Pregnant cows last 3 months

A

10

39
Q

What is the DSE of Cows with 0-3 month calf

A

15

40
Q

What is the DSE of Cows with 4-6 month calf

A

20

41
Q

What does DSE measure

A

energy requirements – not protein, minerals, vitamins, trace elements etc

42
Q

Which period of plant growth have the highest production of energy(MJ ME/kg DM)

A

Young plants

43
Q

what can cause inadequate intake of nutrients

A
  • Drought
  • Financial difficulty
  • Overpopulation eg. Kangaroo (boom/bust due to seasonal conditions)
  • Animal hoarding/welfare - Lack of knowledge
  • Environment (soil type)
44
Q

How much reduction of trace element is enough to produce clinical disease

A

50%

45
Q

What does iodine deficiency cause in sheeps

A

Involved in increasing basal metabolism, born dead or weak

46
Q

What are the method of weighing animals

A
  • “Eyeballing”
  • Weight tapes
  • Balance scales
  • Electronic scales
47
Q

What does condition scoring assess

A

the amount of fats in the body

48
Q

What condition score of cow is ideal

A

6

49
Q

What condition score of dog is optimal

A

5

50
Q

What condition score of cats is optimal

A

5

51
Q

How do you do Nutritional decision making

A
  • Condition score
  • Weight • Feed availability
  • Feed price
  • Animal value
  • Other
  • Feeding for maintenance (survival) or production
52
Q

What do you supplement with

A
  • Ability to cope with sudden change in diet • Ruminal environment
  • Other paddocks with better feed?
  • Simple supplement – such as high protein feed, to improve pasture value
  • Supplement to meet stock class needs (eg weaned lambs will need >10% protein, while ewes will cope on less than this)
53
Q

What are the categories of supplement for grazing livestock

A

Hay, silage, grain

54
Q

What are Hay

A
  • Legume (lucerne, clover (red & white, sub-clover), leucaena
  • Grass (ryegrass, phalaris, fescues, bromes, cocksfoot etc)
55
Q

What are silage

A
  • Legume (lucerne, clover (red & white, sub-clover), leucaena
  • Grass (ryegrass, phalaris, fescues, bromes, cocksfoot etc)
56
Q

What are grains

A
  • Cereal (wheat, barley, triticale, oats, corn, sorghum etc)
  • Legume (Peas, lupins)

Foundation of animal health and disease 1 (16 decks)

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