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Foundation of animal health and disease 1 > Module 12 > Flashcards

Module 12 Flashcards

animal behaviour

1
Q

What may be the cause of abnormal and stress-related behaviour of horses

A
  • Social (e.g. isolation from other horses) they are herd animals
  • Environmental (e.g. excessive confinement, lack of exercise)
  • Learned (e.g. punishment during training)
  • Medical (e.g. inadequate diet –not covered here)
  • Intrinsic (e.g. genetic –not covered here)
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2
Q

What are the fearful body language of horses

A

can see whites of eyes, mouth tense (upper lip protruding past lower), tail out and back, ears back if threat close or underneath

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3
Q

What are the aggressive body language of horse

A

ears back, threatening bite, threatening kick, tail out and back

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4
Q

What human causes that create stress behaviour of horses

A

Telling them to do things that they naturally would not want to do

Not accepting handling or complying with the wishes of the handler e.g. not accepting bridle or saddle, bucking, rearing, balking and rushing fences

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5
Q

What is the state of learned of helplessness in horses

A

When horses experience constant fear
• Standing with head lowered and unresponsive to external stimuli except for command from handler
• Occurs with flooding and desensitisation during immobilisation

Numb of surrounding

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6
Q

Why do horses seen doing actions that are rarely seen in wild horses

A

excessive stress, coping with stress built up

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7
Q

What is crib biting

A

Biting onto a solid surface and sucking in a gulp of air then expelling it

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8
Q

What may be the cause of continuous pawing in horses?

A

Stress of abdominal pain

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9
Q

What facial expression and head movement horses make during stress

A

Tongue displacement and sucking, lip licking, head swaying, shaking, tossing, nodding and bobbing

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10
Q

What are the horses stereotypic behaviour

A

Crib biting

stomping, pawing or kicking

stereotypic head movements

Locomotor

Self mutilation

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11
Q

What are the stress-related behaviour of dog

A

fight or flight
freeze
fiddle

to preserve the function and life of the animal in adverse stressful situations

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12
Q

Fearful body language of dogs

A

Fear behaviours –crouching and lowering of body and head, tail tucked under, ears back and down, averted gaze (not making eye contact) or angled gaze (whites of eyes visible), not sniffing, eyes large, pupils large, withdrawal or freezing (stiffening body, not moving), hackles raised, barking, urinating, defecating, anal gland expression Danger signal for handling. Do not corner.

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13
Q

Dog anxiety behaviour

A

displacement behaviours (lip licking, yawning), panting, pacing, shaking, holding one front paw up, loss of appetite, unable to settle (hypervigilance), whining or crying

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14
Q

Aggressive body language of dogs

A

Goes in order unless is predatory aggression

Barking > Growling/baring teeth > Snapping > Biting

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15
Q

Defensive aggression of dogs

A

starts with fear body language then when cornered or cannot escape begins to show the ladder of aggression

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16
Q

Offensive aggression of dogs

A

starts with signs of anxiety then moves towards target and begins to show ladder of aggression

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17
Q

Compulsive behaviour examples (stereotypies) of dogs

A

repetitive behaviours with no apparent function –circling, fly snapping, overgrooming, running

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18
Q

Human related stress behaviours in dogs

A

Appeasement behaviours due to perceived or expected anger in owner (not guilt)

Freezing
• Learned helplessness due to punishment
• Coping behaviours trained out of dog
• E.g. loss of growl response in ladder of aggression
• Can also be normal coping response unrelated to humans

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19
Q

What behaviour is it when a dog eyes show a white crescent shape, facing one direction but looking at the other, huddling of the body?

A

Fear

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20
Q

What is a pathological behaviours?

A

Behaviours affected by physical or mental disease. Anxiety related problems like classical conditioning

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21
Q

What are the pathological behaviour involving anxiety related problems for dogs?

A
  • Separation anxiety
  • Phobias (extreme fear of noise, object, animal, surface etc.) e.g. thunderstorm or fireworks phobias
  • Aggression (to dogs, people etc.) due to fear or anxiety
  • Canine obsessive compulsive disorder (stereotypical behaviours)
  • Other (e.g. depression, overactivity)
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22
Q

What are the pathological logical medical related problems for dogs

A
  • Cognitive dysfunction (like senility)
  • Urinary tract infection
  • Skin conditions
  • Hormonal conditions
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23
Q

What the the learnt behaviour problems

A 
• Incomplete housetraining 
• Pulling on lead 
• Jumping up 
• Rough play 
etc
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24
Q

Is it good to have fear or anxiety?

A

no, it is a negative emotion

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25
Q

What are the pathological behaviour often created by?

A

From human, related to punishing the dog by yelling

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26
Q

What might the dog be feeling when they seemed “nasty” or “fearful”?

A

They are scared of something or someone.

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27
Q

What is important when dealing with treating an animal abnormal behaviour?

A

Identifying the cause of the behaviour

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28
Q

What is the fiddle behaviour

A

Displacement behaviours

Compulsive disorders

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29
Q

What social situation that may cause the stress and abnormal behaviours of cat

A

Intercat-aggression or crowded territory

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30
Q

What environment situation that may cause the stress and abnormal behaviours of cat

A

excessive confinement, lack of exercise, noises

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31
Q

What medical situation that may cause the stress and abnormal behaviours of cat

A

hormonal disease

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32
Q

What learned situation that may cause the stress and abnormal behaviours of cat

A

punishment or substrate aversion

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33
Q

What intrinsic situation that may cause the stress and abnormal behaviours of cat

A

genetic

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34
Q

What are the fearful body language of cats?

A

–Dilated pupils, withdrawal, crouched, tail close to body, head low, motionless, ears flattened and back, whiskers back, piloerection, vocalising

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35
Q

What are piloerection?

A

raising of the hairs, goosebumps

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36
Q

What are the aggressive/ reactive body language of cats?

A

from more confident and offensive above (body higher, side on, pupils smaller, ears up and forward) to more defensive and fearful below (ears back, pupils larger).

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37
Q

Ladder aggression of cats

A

Hissing, spitting, growling>striking/scratching/clawing>biting (most cats will be missing one or more of the rungs of this ladder of aggression. Very quickly.

38
Q

The ladder of defensive aggression of cats

A

starts with fear body language then when cornered or cannot escape begins to show the ladder of aggression

39
Q

The ladder of offensive aggression cats

A

shows ladder of aggression with the possibility of all or no signs of fear

40
Q

What are the stress related behaviour for cats

A

Withdrawal –hiding when stressed, fearful or unwell

Urine spraying indoors –when stressed, particularly social stress (remember this can be a normal behaviour)

Litter tray problems –many causes not covered here

Medical problems –stress related urinary tract disease, cat flu

41
Q

What are the anxiety related stereotypical behaviour examples for cats

A

repetitive behaviours with no apparent function

–wool sucking, excessive grooming, pica (eating things that are not supposed to eat)

42
Q

What are the pathological behaviour involving anxiety related problems for cats?

A
  • Urine spraying
  • Phobias (extreme fear of noise, object, animal, surface etc.)
  • Aggression (to cats, people etc.)
  • Feline compulsive disorders • Other (e.g. separation anxiety)
43
Q

What are the pathological behaviour involving medical related problems for cats?

A
  • Cognitive dysfunction (like senility)
  • Urinary tract infection
  • Skin conditions
  • Hormonal conditions
44
Q

What are the learnt behaviour related problems for cats?

A
  • Learned litter tray aversion
  • Jumping on benches
  • Meowing for food or attention
  • Rough play
45
Q

Why do we label cat as dirty than stress

A

Poorly understood, little sympathy for cats

46
Q

Inappropriate indoor urine spraying in cats is usually caused by which kind of stress?

A

Social

47
Q

When is it a necessity in handling the stress or it may likely to increase stress.

A

Health reasons
Safety
Management

48
Q

What are the health reason that are necessary to handle their stress

A

medical examination
Procedures such as blood drawing
Grooming

49
Q

What are the safety reason that are necessary to handle their stress

A

Threatening to injure others or itself

50
Q

What are the management reason that are necessary to handle their stress

A

want to implement a routine in a dog’s life that is stressful e.g. car trip

51
Q

How do you handle aggressive dog (same for cats)

A
  • May seem unpredictable
  • Body language can change quickly depending on context • “Friendly” dog suddenly bites
  • Safety equipment
  • Lead • Muzzle
  • Pole arm
  • Partition (e.g. door)
  • Towel
  • Chemical restraint
52
Q

How do you interact with stressed dogs?

A

Assessment (always assess, if they show nothing and do not look at you, they are likely freezing and potentially dangerous

• Gain trust
(• Ignore dog • Be patient • Offer food • Allow to sniff you (dogs can smell fear) )

• Approach? (• Do not corner (dogs on lead feel cornered too) • Speak softly • Move slowly • Get down low)

Interaction (use food or other reward, not all dogs want to be petted or touched, when touching, they are ok with top of the head, under the chin or neck.)

Touching
(move slowly, touch lightly, stroking gently, not vigorous, top of the head is acceptable however can be threatening in fearful dogs

53
Q

What kind of dog interaction may be threatening

A

Paws, tail, belly

54
Q

What kind of dog interaction may be ok

A

top of the head, under the chin or neck

55
Q

Why is environmental modification helpful in handling dog?

A 
It reduce(or remove entirely) the intensity of the stress.
The most powerful and humane method to deal with stress.
56
Q

What are the example of change the environment for stress reduction for dogs

A

Distance, partition, equipment, location

57
Q

Why is environment modification the most powerful and human method to reduce stress for dogs

A

Does not require any more exposure to the stressor
Remove source of negative emotion
Minimal work required to fix the dog

May not be possible or viable with all problem

58
Q

What are the example of environment modification for dogs

A

not walking in dog-aggressive or fearful areas with other dogs
Separate dogs that are aggressive when living together
Block vision of people approaching your house

59
Q

What is behaviour modification?

A

Classical condition to reduce stress (desensitisation, counter-conditioning)

Operant conditioning for training problems (teach dog to sit for attention. ignore when it jumps)

60
Q

Can you reduce stress without classical conditioning? why?

A

No, because they will always feel the same if it is not treated.

61
Q

What are the medical treatment to reduce stress of dogs?

A
  • Reduction in these emotions can facilitate desensitisation and counter-conditioning
  • Anxiety and stress can inhibit memory formation, reducing the ability to desensitise in extremely anxious dogs
  • Pro-welfare as reduces suffering in the animal
  • Can allow safe handling
62
Q

What are the key things for handling

A

safe and humane

63
Q

What is behavioural modification based on?

A

Classical conditioning

64
Q

How should you interact with stressed cats

A

Assessment, gain trust, approach?, Interaction

65
Q

How should you assess the cat

A

Constantly look for signs of fear, anxiety or aggression as it changes quickly.
Many cats are fickle(change quickly)

66
Q

How should you gain trust the stressed cat’s trust?

A

Ignore cat, be quiet, be patient, offer food, allow to sniff you

67
Q

How should you approach the stressed cat?

A

Do not corner if aggressive or fearful, Speak softly, get down low, do not chase`

68
Q

How should you interaction the stressed cat?

A

Not all cats want to be petted, unless it comes up to you, use food or other rewards to get a cat to do what you want rather than touching them

69
Q

How should you touch a stressed cats?

A

Top of the head, under the chin or the neck.

Move slowly, touch lightly, stroking gently, not vigorously. Watch pupil dilate and body language for change

70
Q

Which part of the cat body are threatening when touching

A

paw, tail belly

71
Q

what example of environmental modification can reduce stress in cats

A

Block vision of your through if its stress by stray cats, separating cats that live together and are aggressive with each other, put preferred litter type, lock cat in the house if it fights with other cats

72
Q

How can medication reduce fear and anxiety help

A

can facilitate desensitisation and counter condition, anxiety and stress can inhibit memory formation, reducing the ability to desensitise in extremely anxious cats

73
Q

What are the stigma for medication?

A

unnatural, physical pain does not have this stigma, but some cats might need it but cant have it because of the stigma

74
Q

What develop anxiety-related behaviour problems

A

Inherited, learned

75
Q

What are inherited anxiety-related problems

A

genetic and epigenetic influences, predisposition to anxiety, fear or certain behaviour problems(canine compulsive disorder

76
Q

What are learned anxiety-related problems

A

Negative experiences due to, lack of prior experience(socialisation) elicits fear and anxiety due to unfamiliarity,
prior stimulus elicits fear or anxiety (abuse, trauma, pain associated with stimulus)

Repetition of exposure to stimulus(sensitisation, generalisation(emotional and behavioural response becomes associated with related stimuli))

77
Q

What are the environmental prevention

A

Never expose them, have owners prevent sensitisation by removing the animals from situation wherever possible

78
Q

What is another environmental prevention method

A

Socialisation(it prevent behavioural problem.)
Not just dogs and people, but environment. Positive socialisation. Grants protection against development of fear or anxiety in response to the stimulus later in life

79
Q

What kind of socialisation are there?

A

positive(associated with positive emotion), negative(negative emotion), neutral(neutral emotions)

80
Q

When to develop socialisation

A

sensitive periods

81
Q

When are the sensitive period

A

3-20 weeks for dogs(multiple sensitive periods within this range) associated with neurodevelopmental processes

82
Q

What effect does the sensitive periods give

A

Give protection to stimulus in the future when it was given positive emotion then, but same goes for negative emotion.

Lack of exposure during that period can be a type of negative emotion as well

83
Q

The best practice of socialisation

A

Expose them to all sorts of stimuli with positive interaction. and should be regular. Avoid negative socialisation

84
Q

What problem can socialisation have

A

Professionals may assume all social exposure is positive. Can lead to negative social experiences

85
Q

What are the treatment of behaviour problems

A

veterinary behaviourist, role of trainers, internet, euthanasia or rehoming

86
Q

What is a veterinary behaviourist

A

psychiatry for animal. able to treat operantly and classically conditioned behaviour problems, and detect medical causes.

87
Q

How is the veterinary behaviour consult process work

A

History taking(behaviour and stimuli relationship), diagnosis, treatment plan(environmental/behaviour modification and medical) , follow up, some degree of improvement in most cases

88
Q

What is the role of trainers

A

like a counsellor, no supervision once qualification gained, some use punishment, different from vet behaviour specialist.

89
Q

What trainers are excellent in

A

excellent at training operantly conditioned behaviour, positive only trainer more likely to be the best for the welfare of dogs with anxiety or fear, some are up to date with treatment

90
Q

How to deal with classical condition

A

positive method only

91
Q

Euthanasia

A

Poor welfare, safety (aggressive and dangerous dogs)

Foundation of animal health and disease 1 (16 decks)

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