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Foundation of animal health and disease 1 > Module 12 > Flashcards

Module 12 Flashcards

animal behaviour

1
Q

What may be the cause of abnormal and stress-related behaviour of horses

A
  • Social (e.g. isolation from other horses) they are herd animals
  • Environmental (e.g. excessive confinement, lack of exercise)
  • Learned (e.g. punishment during training)
  • Medical (e.g. inadequate diet –not covered here)
  • Intrinsic (e.g. genetic –not covered here)
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2
Q

What are the fearful body language of horses

A

can see whites of eyes, mouth tense (upper lip protruding past lower), tail out and back, ears back if threat close or underneath

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3
Q

What are the aggressive body language of horse

A

ears back, threatening bite, threatening kick, tail out and back

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4
Q

What human causes that create stress behaviour of horses

A

Telling them to do things that they naturally would not want to do

Not accepting handling or complying with the wishes of the handler e.g. not accepting bridle or saddle, bucking, rearing, balking and rushing fences

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5
Q

What is the state of learned of helplessness in horses

A

When horses experience constant fear
• Standing with head lowered and unresponsive to external stimuli except for command from handler
• Occurs with flooding and desensitisation during immobilisation

Numb of surrounding

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6
Q

Why do horses seen doing actions that are rarely seen in wild horses

A

excessive stress, coping with stress built up

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7
Q

What is crib biting

A

Biting onto a solid surface and sucking in a gulp of air then expelling it

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8
Q

What may be the cause of continuous pawing in horses?

A

Stress of abdominal pain

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9
Q

What facial expression and head movement horses make during stress

A

Tongue displacement and sucking, lip licking, head swaying, shaking, tossing, nodding and bobbing

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10
Q

What are the horses stereotypic behaviour

A

Crib biting

stomping, pawing or kicking

stereotypic head movements

Locomotor

Self mutilation

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11
Q

What are the stress-related behaviour of dog

A

fight or flight
freeze
fiddle

to preserve the function and life of the animal in adverse stressful situations

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12
Q

Fearful body language of dogs

A

Fear behaviours –crouching and lowering of body and head, tail tucked under, ears back and down, averted gaze (not making eye contact) or angled gaze (whites of eyes visible), not sniffing, eyes large, pupils large, withdrawal or freezing (stiffening body, not moving), hackles raised, barking, urinating, defecating, anal gland expression Danger signal for handling. Do not corner.

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13
Q

Dog anxiety behaviour

A

displacement behaviours (lip licking, yawning), panting, pacing, shaking, holding one front paw up, loss of appetite, unable to settle (hypervigilance), whining or crying

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14
Q

Aggressive body language of dogs

A

Goes in order unless is predatory aggression

Barking > Growling/baring teeth > Snapping > Biting

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15
Q

Defensive aggression of dogs

A

starts with fear body language then when cornered or cannot escape begins to show the ladder of aggression

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16
Q

Offensive aggression of dogs

A

starts with signs of anxiety then moves towards target and begins to show ladder of aggression

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17
Q

Compulsive behaviour examples (stereotypies) of dogs

A

repetitive behaviours with no apparent function –circling, fly snapping, overgrooming, running

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18
Q

Human related stress behaviours in dogs

A

Appeasement behaviours due to perceived or expected anger in owner (not guilt)

Freezing
• Learned helplessness due to punishment
• Coping behaviours trained out of dog
• E.g. loss of growl response in ladder of aggression
• Can also be normal coping response unrelated to humans

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19
Q

What behaviour is it when a dog eyes show a white crescent shape, facing one direction but looking at the other, huddling of the body?

A

Fear

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20
Q

What is a pathological behaviours?

A

Behaviours affected by physical or mental disease. Anxiety related problems like classical conditioning

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21
Q

What are the pathological behaviour involving anxiety related problems for dogs?

A
  • Separation anxiety
  • Phobias (extreme fear of noise, object, animal, surface etc.) e.g. thunderstorm or fireworks phobias
  • Aggression (to dogs, people etc.) due to fear or anxiety
  • Canine obsessive compulsive disorder (stereotypical behaviours)
  • Other (e.g. depression, overactivity)
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22
Q

What are the pathological logical medical related problems for dogs

A
  • Cognitive dysfunction (like senility)
  • Urinary tract infection
  • Skin conditions
  • Hormonal conditions
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23
Q

What the the learnt behaviour problems

A 
• Incomplete housetraining 
• Pulling on lead 
• Jumping up 
• Rough play 
etc
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24
Q

Is it good to have fear or anxiety?

A

no, it is a negative emotion

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25
What are the pathological behaviour often created by?
From human, related to punishing the dog by yelling
26
What might the dog be feeling when they seemed "nasty" or "fearful"?
They are scared of something or someone.
27
What is important when dealing with treating an animal abnormal behaviour?
Identifying the cause of the behaviour
28
What is the fiddle behaviour
Displacement behaviours | Compulsive disorders
29
What social situation that may cause the stress and abnormal behaviours of cat
Intercat-aggression or crowded territory
30
What environment situation that may cause the stress and abnormal behaviours of cat
excessive confinement, lack of exercise, noises
31
What medical situation that may cause the stress and abnormal behaviours of cat
hormonal disease
32
What learned situation that may cause the stress and abnormal behaviours of cat
punishment or substrate aversion
33
What intrinsic situation that may cause the stress and abnormal behaviours of cat
genetic
34
What are the fearful body language of cats?
–Dilated pupils, withdrawal, crouched, tail close to body, head low, motionless, ears flattened and back, whiskers back, piloerection, vocalising
35
What are piloerection?
raising of the hairs, goosebumps
36
What are the aggressive/ reactive body language of cats?
from more confident and offensive above (body higher, side on, pupils smaller, ears up and forward) to more defensive and fearful below (ears back, pupils larger).
37
Ladder aggression of cats
Hissing, spitting, growling>striking/scratching/clawing>biting (most cats will be missing one or more of the rungs of this ladder of aggression. Very quickly.
38
The ladder of defensive aggression of cats
starts with fear body language then when cornered or cannot escape begins to show the ladder of aggression
39
The ladder of offensive aggression cats
shows ladder of aggression with the possibility of all or no signs of fear
40
What are the stress related behaviour for cats
Withdrawal –hiding when stressed, fearful or unwell Urine spraying indoors –when stressed, particularly social stress (remember this can be a normal behaviour) Litter tray problems –many causes not covered here Medical problems –stress related urinary tract disease, cat flu
41
What are the anxiety related stereotypical behaviour examples for cats
repetitive behaviours with no apparent function | –wool sucking, excessive grooming, pica (eating things that are not supposed to eat)
42
What are the pathological behaviour involving anxiety related problems for cats?
* Urine spraying * Phobias (extreme fear of noise, object, animal, surface etc.) * Aggression (to cats, people etc.) * Feline compulsive disorders • Other (e.g. separation anxiety)
43
What are the pathological behaviour involving medical related problems for cats?
* Cognitive dysfunction (like senility) * Urinary tract infection * Skin conditions * Hormonal conditions
44
What are the learnt behaviour related problems for cats?
* Learned litter tray aversion * Jumping on benches * Meowing for food or attention * Rough play
45
Why do we label cat as dirty than stress
Poorly understood, little sympathy for cats
46
Inappropriate indoor urine spraying in cats is usually caused by which kind of stress?
Social
47
When is it a necessity in handling the stress or it may likely to increase stress.
Health reasons Safety Management
48
What are the health reason that are necessary to handle their stress
medical examination Procedures such as blood drawing Grooming
49
What are the safety reason that are necessary to handle their stress
Threatening to injure others or itself
50
What are the management reason that are necessary to handle their stress
want to implement a routine in a dog's life that is stressful e.g. car trip
51
How do you handle aggressive dog (same for cats)
* May seem unpredictable * Body language can change quickly depending on context • “Friendly” dog suddenly bites * Safety equipment * Lead • Muzzle * Pole arm * Partition (e.g. door) * Towel * Chemical restraint
52
How do you interact with stressed dogs?
Assessment (always assess, if they show nothing and do not look at you, they are likely freezing and potentially dangerous • Gain trust (• Ignore dog • Be patient • Offer food • Allow to sniff you (dogs can smell fear) ) • Approach? (• Do not corner (dogs on lead feel cornered too) • Speak softly • Move slowly • Get down low) Interaction (use food or other reward, not all dogs want to be petted or touched, when touching, they are ok with top of the head, under the chin or neck.) Touching (move slowly, touch lightly, stroking gently, not vigorous, top of the head is acceptable however can be threatening in fearful dogs
53
What kind of dog interaction may be threatening
Paws, tail, belly
54
What kind of dog interaction may be ok
top of the head, under the chin or neck
55
Why is environmental modification helpful in handling dog?
``` It reduce(or remove entirely) the intensity of the stress. The most powerful and humane method to deal with stress. ```
56
What are the example of change the environment for stress reduction for dogs
Distance, partition, equipment, location
57
Why is environment modification the most powerful and human method to reduce stress for dogs
Does not require any more exposure to the stressor Remove source of negative emotion Minimal work required to fix the dog May not be possible or viable with all problem
58
What are the example of environment modification for dogs
not walking in dog-aggressive or fearful areas with other dogs Separate dogs that are aggressive when living together Block vision of people approaching your house
59
What is behaviour modification?
Classical condition to reduce stress (desensitisation, counter-conditioning) Operant conditioning for training problems (teach dog to sit for attention. ignore when it jumps)
60
Can you reduce stress without classical conditioning? why?
No, because they will always feel the same if it is not treated.
61
What are the medical treatment to reduce stress of dogs?
* Reduction in these emotions can facilitate desensitisation and counter-conditioning * Anxiety and stress can inhibit memory formation, reducing the ability to desensitise in extremely anxious dogs * Pro-welfare as reduces suffering in the animal * Can allow safe handling
62
What are the key things for handling
safe and humane
63
What is behavioural modification based on?
Classical conditioning
64
How should you interact with stressed cats
Assessment, gain trust, approach?, Interaction
65
How should you assess the cat
Constantly look for signs of fear, anxiety or aggression as it changes quickly. Many cats are fickle(change quickly)
66
How should you gain trust the stressed cat's trust?
Ignore cat, be quiet, be patient, offer food, allow to sniff you
67
How should you approach the stressed cat?
Do not corner if aggressive or fearful, Speak softly, get down low, do not chase`
68
How should you interaction the stressed cat?
Not all cats want to be petted, unless it comes up to you, use food or other rewards to get a cat to do what you want rather than touching them
69
How should you touch a stressed cats?
Top of the head, under the chin or the neck. | Move slowly, touch lightly, stroking gently, not vigorously. Watch pupil dilate and body language for change
70
Which part of the cat body are threatening when touching
paw, tail belly
71
what example of environmental modification can reduce stress in cats
Block vision of your through if its stress by stray cats, separating cats that live together and are aggressive with each other, put preferred litter type, lock cat in the house if it fights with other cats
72
How can medication reduce fear and anxiety help
can facilitate desensitisation and counter condition, anxiety and stress can inhibit memory formation, reducing the ability to desensitise in extremely anxious cats
73
What are the stigma for medication?
unnatural, physical pain does not have this stigma, but some cats might need it but cant have it because of the stigma
74
What develop anxiety-related behaviour problems
Inherited, learned
75
What are inherited anxiety-related problems
genetic and epigenetic influences, predisposition to anxiety, fear or certain behaviour problems(canine compulsive disorder
76
What are learned anxiety-related problems
Negative experiences due to, lack of prior experience(socialisation) elicits fear and anxiety due to unfamiliarity, prior stimulus elicits fear or anxiety (abuse, trauma, pain associated with stimulus) Repetition of exposure to stimulus(sensitisation, generalisation(emotional and behavioural response becomes associated with related stimuli))
77
What are the environmental prevention
Never expose them, have owners prevent sensitisation by removing the animals from situation wherever possible
78
What is another environmental prevention method
Socialisation(it prevent behavioural problem.) Not just dogs and people, but environment. Positive socialisation. Grants protection against development of fear or anxiety in response to the stimulus later in life
79
What kind of socialisation are there?
positive(associated with positive emotion), negative(negative emotion), neutral(neutral emotions)
80
When to develop socialisation
sensitive periods
81
When are the sensitive period
3-20 weeks for dogs(multiple sensitive periods within this range) associated with neurodevelopmental processes
82
What effect does the sensitive periods give
Give protection to stimulus in the future when it was given positive emotion then, but same goes for negative emotion. Lack of exposure during that period can be a type of negative emotion as well
83
The best practice of socialisation
Expose them to all sorts of stimuli with positive interaction. and should be regular. Avoid negative socialisation
84
What problem can socialisation have
Professionals may assume all social exposure is positive. Can lead to negative social experiences
85
What are the treatment of behaviour problems
veterinary behaviourist, role of trainers, internet, euthanasia or rehoming
86
What is a veterinary behaviourist
psychiatry for animal. able to treat operantly and classically conditioned behaviour problems, and detect medical causes.
87
How is the veterinary behaviour consult process work
History taking(behaviour and stimuli relationship), diagnosis, treatment plan(environmental/behaviour modification and medical) , follow up, some degree of improvement in most cases
88
What is the role of trainers
like a counsellor, no supervision once qualification gained, some use punishment, different from vet behaviour specialist.
89
What trainers are excellent in
excellent at training operantly conditioned behaviour, positive only trainer more likely to be the best for the welfare of dogs with anxiety or fear, some are up to date with treatment
90
How to deal with classical condition
positive method only
91
Euthanasia
Poor welfare, safety (aggressive and dangerous dogs)

Foundation of animal health and disease 1 (16 decks)

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