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Biology exam practise > Module 5- Respiration > Flashcards

Module 5- Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

2 marks

Describe how acetylcoenzyme A is formed in the link reaction

A
  1. Oxidation of pyruvate and CO2 released
  2. Addition of coenzyme A
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2
Q

Give ways in which the properties of ATP make it a suitbale source of energy in biological processes

A
  • Immediate source of energy
  • Soluble
  • Involves in a simple reaction
  • Energy released in small amounts
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3
Q

2 marks

Explain why it is necessary for humans to synthesise a large amount of ATP

A
  • Immediate source of energy
  • ATP only releases a small amount of energy at a time
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4
Q

3 marks

Describe the part played by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion in producing ATP

A
  • Electrons transferred down electron transport chain
  • Electrons transfer energy to proteins which actively trasnport protons from matrix to intermemembrane space
  • Protons diffuse down proton gradient and back into matrix via ATP synthase
  • Energy used to combine ADP + Pi to produce ATP
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5
Q

6 marks

Describe how ATP is made in mitochondria

A
  1. Substrate level phosphorylation
  2. Krebs cycle produces reduced coenzyme- reduced NAD and reduced FAD
  3. Electrons released from reduced coenzymes
  4. Electrons pass along electron transport chain
  5. Energy released
  6. ADP+Pi –> ATP
  7. Protons move to intermembrane space via ATP synthase
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6
Q

5 marks

Explain why it is important for plants to produce ATP during respiration in addition to during photosynthesis

A
  1. In the dark no ATP production in photosynthesis
  2. Some tissues unable to photosynthesise —> produce ATP
  3. ATP cannot be stored
  4. Plants uses more ATP than produced in photosynthesis
  5. ATP for active transport
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7
Q

4 marks

Describe process of glycolysis

A
  1. Glucose is phosphorylated using Pi from ATP
  2. NAD is reduced
  3. As TP is oxidised to form pyruvate
  4. Net gain of 2 ATP molecules- 4 ATP molecules are produced
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8
Q

2 marks

Malonate inhibits the Krebs cycles
Explain why malonate would decrease the uptake of oxygen in a respiring cell

A
  1. Less reduced NAD and reduced FAD made
  2. Less oxidative phosphorylation
  3. Less oxygen is used as a final electron acceptor
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9
Q

2 marks

At the end of a sprint race, a runner continues to breathe rapidly for some time. Explain the advantage of this.

A
  1. Lactate has built up
  2. Oxygen used to break down lactate to pyruvate
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10
Q

2 marks

Mitochondria in muscle cells have more cristae than mitochondria in skin cells. Explain the advantage of mitochondria in muscle cells having more cristae.

A
  • More cristae = larger surface area for electron transport chain –> more enzymes for ATP production / oxidative phosphorylation
  • Muscle cells use more ATP than skin cells
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11
Q

Explain glycolysis

A
  1. Glucose is phosphorylated using Pi from ATP
  2. NAD is reduced
  3. As TP is oxidised to form pyruvate
  4. Net product of 2 ATP & 4 ATP produced
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12
Q

Anaerobic respiration in plants/yeasts and animals

A

Plants/ yeast: pyruvate–> ethanol +CO2—> ethanol
Animals: pyruvate–> lactic acid
Reduced NAD is oxidised

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13
Q

Anaerobic respiration ATP production

A
  1. Only ATP produced comes from glycolysis
  2. The oxidised NAD can be used in glycolysis again
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14
Q

Explain link reaction

A
  1. Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix by active transport
  2. Pyruvate oxidised to acetate
  3. Acetate + coenzyme A–> acetlycoenzyme A
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15
Q

Explain Krebs cycle

A
  1. Acetlycoenzyme A + 4C–> 6C + coenzyme A
  2. Series of redox reactions= coenzymes (to be used in oxidtive phosphorylation)
  3. Carbon dioxide is released
  4. ATP generated by substrate level phosphorylation
  5. Other respiratory substrates- aa+ lipid breakdown products can fuel krebs cycle
  6. Products from one glucose: 2 ATP, 6 reduced NAD, 6 reduced FAD, 6 CO2
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16
Q

Explain oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. Electrons donated from coenzymes
  2. e- transferred down ETC- releasing energy- series of redox reactions
  3. Protons (H+) pumped across inner mitochondrial membrane
  4. Conc gradient of H+ established- H+ diffuse through ATP synthase
  5. ADP + Pi–> ATP (chemisosmotic theory)
  6. Oxygen is the final electon acceptor–> H2O is formed
17
Q

6 marks

Oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • Reduced NAD and reduced FAD are oxidised, and they donate elctrons to membrane protein
  • This forms protons, NAD and FAD
  • Electrons move along along membrane proteins through a series of redox reaction along ETC
  • Electrons transfer energy to the proteins, which is used to actively transport protons from the matrix to intermembrane space
  • Protons in intermebrane space diffuse down proton gradient and back into matrix via ATP synthase
  • ADP+Pi–> ATP, catalysed by ATP synthase/ ATPase
  • Oxygen is final electron acceptor
  • Over 30 ATP molecules can be made
18
Q

6 marks

Describe how ATP is made in the mitchondria

A
  1. Substrate level phosphorylation in the Krebs cycle
  2. Krebs cycle produces reduced coenzymes e.g. reduced FAD and reduced NAD
  3. Electrons released from FADH and NADH
  4. Electrons pass along ETC, through a series of redox reactions
  5. Energy is released
  6. ADP+Pi—> ATP
  7. Protons move into intermembrane space
  8. ATP synthase
19
Q

5 marks

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air at different heights above ground in a forest changes over a period of 24 hours. Use your knowledge of photosynthesis to describe these changes and explain why they occur.

A
  1. High concentration of carbon dioxide at night as no photosynthesis is occurring as light required for light-dependent reaction.
  2. In the dark plants still respire.
  3. In the light uptake of carbon dioxide is greater than carbon dioxide produced.
  4. Decrease in carbon dioxide concentration with light
  5. Increase in carbon dioxide concentration closer to ground as at ground level less photosynthesising due to less light.
20
Q

2 marks

Describe the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration

A
  1. Final acceptor for hydrogen
  2. To form water
21
Q

2 marks

Explain why the scientist did not use glucose as the respiratory substrate for these isolated mitochondria.

A
  1. Glucose is broken down during glycolysis in the cytoplasm
  2. Glucose cannot cross mitochondrial membranes
22
Q

1 mark

A student investigated the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast. She put 5 g of yeast into a glucose solution and placed this mixture in the apparatus shown in the figure below. She then recorded the total volume of gas collected every 10 minutes for 1 hour. Explain why a layer of oil is required in this investigation

A

Prevents O2 being taken up

23
Q

2 marks

Respiration produces more ATP per molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen than it
does when oxygen is absent. Explain why.

A
  1. Oxygen is final electron acceptor
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation provides most ATP, only glycolysis without O2
24
Q

2 marks

What measurements would the scientists have made in order to calculate the rate of carbon dioxide production?

A
  1. Volume of carbon dioxide given off
  2. From known area / per m2 / m-2
  3. In a set time
25
Q

2 marks

The student repeated Experiment 1 using seeds which were respiring anaerobically. What would happen to the level of coloured liquid in the right-hand side of the manometer tube? Explain your answer.

A
  1. Remains the same
  2. No o2 uptake
26
Q

2 marks

Explain why converting pyruvate to ethanol is important in allowing the continued production of ATP in anaerobic respiration.

A
  1. Allows NAD to be recycled
  2. So glycolysis can continue
27
Q

2 marks

Give two ways in which anaerobic respiration of glucose in yeast is similar to anaerobic respiration of glucose in a muscle cell

A
  1. Pyruvate is reduced
  2. Reduced NAD is oxidised to NAD
  3. ATP is formed
28
Q

2 marks

Give two ways in which anaerobic respiration of glucose in yeast is different to anaerobic respiration of glucose in a muscle cell

A
  1. CO2 released by yeast but not by muscle cell
  2. Ethanol formed by yeast, lactate by muscle cell

Biology exam practise (32 decks)

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