Module 4 - RNA and protein synthesis Flashcards
Similarities and differences between RNA and DNA
Similarities
1. Polymers of nucleotides;
2. (Nucleotide has) pentose, (nitrogen-containing organic) base and a phosphate (group);
3. Cytosine, guanine and adenine (as bases);
4. Have phosphodiester bonds;
Differences
5. Deoxyribose v ribose;
6. Thymine v uracil;
7. Long v short;
8. Double helix/stranded v single stranded;
6 marks
Desribe structure of DNA and chromosomes
DNA structure
* A nucleotide has a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate and nitrogenuous base
* Backbone is joined by phosphodiester bonds
* Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine bases are joined by hydrogen bonds (A-T, G-C) - complementary base pairs
* Double helix formed (antiparallel)
Chromosome structure
* DNA associated with histone proteins
* 2 identical chromatids joined by a centromere
5 marks
Starting with mRNA in the cytoplasm, describe how translation leads to the box production of a polypeptide.
Do not include descriptions of transcription and splicing in your answer.
- mRNA molecule attaches to ribosome
- Ribosome moves to the start codon
- tRNA carries specific amino acid
- Anticodon on tRNA complementary to codon on mRNA
- Ribosome can fit two tRNAs
- Amino acids join by peptide bonds in a condensation reaction to form a polypeptide using ATP
2 marks
Describe how the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) in a eukaryote cell is
different from the production of mRNA in a prokaryote cell.
- Pre-mRNA only produced in eukaryote cell
- Splicing only occurs in eukaryote cell
- Introns removed in eukaryote cell/ introns not present in prokaryote cell
2 marks
Describe the role of ATP in the process of translation in protein synthesis.
- Releases energy
- So peptide bonds form between amino acids
OR
So amino acid joins to tRNA
6 marks
Describe DNA transcription
- Section of DNA unwinds using DNA helicase
- Hydrogen bonds break
- Single strand used as template
- Free RNA nucleotide attach to exposed bases
- Free RNA nucleotides join using complementary base pairings (A-U & G-C)
- RNA polymerase joins RNA nucleotides in a condensation reaction, forming phosphodiester bonds
- Until stop codon is reached
- Pre- mRNA is spliced to remove introns
2 marks
Scientists investigated the genetic diversity between several species of sweet potato. They studied non-coding multiple repeats of base sequences. Define ‘non-coding base sequences’ and describe where the non-coding multiple repeats are positioned in the genome.
- DNA that does not code for polypeptides
- Positioned between genes
5 marks
Describe how mRNA is formed by transcription in eukaryotes.
- Hydrogen bonds between DNA bases break
- Only one DNA strand acts as a template
- Free-floating RNA nucleotides align by complementary base pairing
- In RNA Uracil base pairs with adenine on DNA
- RNA polymerase joins adjacent RNA nucleotides
- By phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides
- Pre-mRNA is spliced to form mRNA. Introns are removed
6 marks
Describe how a polypeptide is formed by translation of mRNA.
- mRNA attaches to ribosomes
- tRNA anticodons bind to complementary mRNA codons
- tRNA brings a specific amino acid
- Amino acids join by peptide bonds
- Amino acids join together with the use of ATP
- tRNA released after amino acid joined to polypeptide
- The ribosome moves along the mRNA to form the polypeptide
2 marks
Describe how a phosphodiester bond is formed between two nucleotides within a DNA molecule.
- Condensation reaction–> loss of water
- Between phosphate and deoxyribose
- Catalysed by DNA polymerase