MODULE 5 - Building Systems and Construction Flashcards
1
Q
What is a dead load (or static load)?
A
usually permanent, non movable loads
(weight of building)
2
Q
What is a gravity load?
A
loads that exert their force downwards
3
Q
What is a live load?
A
loads that are non-permanent, movable loads, such as people, furniture, and equipment
also other types such as lateral and dynamic
4
Q
What is a lateral load?
A
loads that exert force from natural occurrences, like wind and earthquakes(seismic), or explosions
5
Q
What is a dynamic load?
A
loads created from impacts including moving/stopping elevators, snow loads, or a car driving across a bridge
6
Q
What is a joist?
A
a horizontal structural member used in framing to span an open space
7
Q
What is a header?
A
a beam over an opening that disperses the structural load to the outside of the opening
8
Q
What is a lintel
A
load bearing member placed over an entranceway
9
Q
What is glue-lam
A
stress-rated engineered wood beam composed of wood laminations or “lams” that are bonded together with durable, moisture resistant adhesives
10
Q
What is a sole plate? A top plate?
A
sole plate - bottom horizontal member of a wall or building to which vertical members are attached
top plate - upper horizontal framing member of a stud wall
11
Q
What is sheathing?
A
the supporting structure that acts as a cover for the surface of a building
12
Q
What is an I-joist?
A
may be used as floor joists or roof rafters (usually residential)
designed to eliminate problems that occur with conventional wood joists
13
Q
What is LVL?
A
Laminated Veneer Construction
multiple layers of thin wood assembled with adhesives
typically used for headers, beams, rim board, and edge forming
14
Q
What is a beam and girder system?
A
Workers in the construction industry often refer to large beams as girders. The chief horizontal support in a structure is called a girder. The minor horizontal structural supports are beams.
15
Q
What is an Open web steel joist system?
A
Open web steel joists are an engineered, truss-like construction component used to support loads over short and long spans. They are typically used in non-residential construction. Steel joists and girders provide an economical system for supporting floors and roofs.
16
Q
What is Post-tensioned concrete?
A
a method of reinforcing concrete or other materials with high-strength steel strands or bars. These are referred to as tendons.
-strengthens construction that would otherwise be impossible due to site constraints, size, or architectural requirements.
-allows for longer clear spans, thinner slabs, fewer beams, and more slender, dramatic elements.
17
Q
What type of slab CANNOT be penetrated for stair opening?
A
post tensioned
because a stair opening would typically require cutting an area larger than the spacing of the post-tensioning cables.
18
Q
What is a trimmer?
A
A wood member in a floor or roof used to support a header, used when creating openings.
19
Q
What is an assembly?
A
building components (doors, windows, studs, wallboard) combine to create assemblies
20
Q
What studs are typical for residential applications?
A
2x4
2x6
wood studs
21
Q
What is the most common size of metal stud in commercial construction?
A
2 1/2”
22
Q
What is the most common gypsum wall board panel size?
A
4’ x 8’
23
Q
What thickness is gyp board in residential vs commercial?
A
1/2” gyp in residential
5/8” gyp in commercial
24
Q
What is Type R boards?
A
standard gypsum board at 1/2” or 5/8”
25
What is type X board?
gyp board used for fire-rated partitions
contain non-combustible fibers mixed with gypsum
26
What are mold and moisture resistant (MMR) boards?
These boards employ several different proprietary technologies to resist mold and moisture absorption.
MMR boards are specified for bathroom walls and ceilings because of the greater relative humidity in bathrooms.
27
What are Portland cement boards?
They are made of Portland cement, sand, and glass fibers or cellulose fibers. These are stronger than gypsum boards of the same thickness but more difficult to install. Portland cement boards are also used as an underlayment for ceramic tile flooring.
28
Natural Stone
durable, weather-resistant construction material used for bearing and nonbearing walls.
can be laid in mortar, much like clay and concrete masonry units
The stone is often a facing veneer tied to a concrete or masonry backup wall.
29
Glass Block
translucent, hollow block of glass with clear, textured, or patterned faces. Glass block is made by fusing two halves with a partial vacuum inside, enhancing acoustic properties. It can be used in non-load-bearing exterior and interior walls or framed window openings.
30
What is important for fire rated partitions?
the gypsum must be fire rated
the partition must run slab to slab
all connections/openings must be sealed with a fire-rated caulking material
31
What is important for acoustic separation partitions?
the partition must run slab to slab
all connections/openings must be sealed with an acoustical caulking material
32
Wood doors vs metal doors vs Fiberglass-reinforced plastic doors?
Wood doors, including hollow core and solid core doors, are the most popular.
Metal doors provide greater security, fire resistance, rot resistance, blast resistance, and wind-load resistance.
Steel or hollow metal doors
Aluminum, typically glazed
FRP doors are impervious to water, void-free, and highly resistant to chemicals, suitable for graffiti-prone areas like schools or germ-free environments. They are thermally neutral and can be used for extreme temperature applications.
33
What is the difference between welded and knock-down door frames?
Welded frames come preassembled and in one piece. commonly specified for their seamless appearance and help ensure the frames are square at the installation time. well suited for exterior openings and masonry walls. more expensive
KD frames are the least expensive because they are shipped disassembled. This allows them to be tightly packed for shipping and job site storage.
34
KD drywall frames vs standard KD frames
KD drywall frames allow for assembly into the drywall opening after wall construction. Their design has visible seams and screws because they are not welded.
Standard KD frames are assembled in the field and installed in new wall construction. Unlike KD drywall frames, they do not typically have visible screws. Both types of KD frames may meet some fire ratings.
35
The entire ____ ________ must be tested and rated as a unit and not individually by component for fire-rated situations.
door assembly (door, frame, hardware, etc.)
36
“___ hr/ ___ minute fire doors are for use where smoke is a primary consideration and are for the protection of openings in partitions between habitable rooms and corridors where the wall is constructed to have a fire-resistance rating of not more than 1 hour or across corridors where a smoke partition is required.
1/3 hour (20 minute)
37
Standard office doors are typically _____ with a hollow metal frame. The height of standard office suite doors is __
solid core wood
7'-0"
38
Door openings within a dwelling unit or sleeping unit shall have a minimum clear opening height of
__ inches
78
39
In dwelling and sleeping units that are not required to be Accessible, Type A or Type B units, exterior door openings other than the required exit door shall have a minimum clear opening height of __ inches
76
40
All fire-rated doors must be _________ but can NOT have a mechanical or manual hold-open device.
self closing
41
doors:
_____ applications require locking; _____ and _________ require a card reader or code lock.
secure
secure and controlled
42
What factors are glazing materials selected based on?
light transmittance
thermal performance
sound reduction
strength and safety
aesthetic considerations
life‐cycle costs
43
What is safety glazing?
required in locations subject to human impacts, such as glass doors, shower and bath enclosures, and glass sidelights in partitions. Tempered glass and laminated glass are generally considered safety glazing.
44
What label requires 20 minute rated wooden doors?
UL
45
What are the qualities of tempered, laminated, and plate glass when broken?
Tempered glass breaks into many pieces without sharp shards.
Laminated glass fractures into a spider web type pattern when broken, but generally stays intact.
Plate glass would break into sharp pieces and be very dangerous, thus it can't be used in areas subject to human impact, like a shower door.
46
What are the requirements of glazing adjacent to doors?
Glazing in an individual fixed or operable panel adjacent to a door where the nearest vertical edge of the glazing is within a 24-inch (610 mm) arc of either vertical edge of the door in a closed position and where the bottom exposed edge of the glazing is less than 60 inches (1524 mm) above the walking surface shall be considered a hazardous location.
47
According to the EPA, buildings account for approximately ___% of potable water usage
14%
48
Office buildings account for __% of water consumption
60%
49
What are the requirements for low flow
wc
urinals
public restroom faucets
residential bathroom faucets
kitchen faucets
shower heads
wc: 1.6 gpf
urinal: 1 gpf
public restroom faucet: 0.5 gpf
Residential bathroom faucet: 2.2 gpf
kitchen faucets: 2.2 gpf
shower heads: 1.5 gpf
50
What is a Kinetic Degradation Fluxion (KDF)?
type of water filtration system
contains flakes of a copper-and-zinc alloy to remove inorganic contaminants
51
What is Reverse Osmosis (RO)?
type of water filtration system
uses a semipermeable membrane to filter and separate water molecules from particles
52
What is Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)?
type of water filtration system
uses oxygen-treated carbon to bond with organic contaminants
53
What is water metering?
Water metering allows for the tracking of water consumption in buildings. Tracking this information can provide real-time information to analyze usage and detect leaks.
54
Potable, Gray, and Black Water
Potable water is drinking water that is fit for human consumption.
Blackwater contains human waste, such as from a toilet.
Gray water is untreated household wastewater that does not contain human/toilet waste.
gray water may come from lavatories, bathtubs, showers, clothes washers, and laundry trays.
55
For slab on grade construction, locate new plumbing fixtures as close as possible to _______.
existing plumbing lines
This is usually within 10 feet and connected to a plumbing trench or extension.
56
Commercial plumbing is typically located on a __________ or connected to a wet column.
plumbing chase
57
Fixtures requiring a floor drain (____) must locate the drain directly on a plumbing trench.
toilet, tub/shower, mop sink, water heater
58
The minimum slope is ___inch per foot for pipes 2.5 inches (63.5 mm) diameter or less, and __ inch per foot for pipes 3 (76 mm) to 6 inches (152 mm) in diameter.
1/4"
1/8"
59
What is a toilet carrier?
A steel framework bolted to the floor inside a plumbing chase. It carries the weight of wall-hung toilets.
60
What is a chase wall?
A double row of studs braced together and spaced far enough apart to allow for plumbing pipes. Back-to-back commercial toilet rooms use space within the plumbing chase to accommodate extensive piping and toilet carriers.
61
Water Supply
The water supply system provides potable water for human use and consumption via pressure from a water main. Plumbing fixtures receive water from the water supply system. This is kept separate from the drainage.
62
Drainage
Plumbing fixtures discharge waste via the sanitary drainage system. Drainage systems rely on gravity for discharge, meaning the pipes are typically larger than those for supply. Codes mandate length and slope requirements for drainage pipes. Traps and seals are used to prevent gases from contaminating the air. The overall sanitary drainage system must be vented to the exterior. This venting allows air to circulate.
63
Plumbing Trap
Traps are integral for drainage. There are different shapes, including P, U, and S. These traps hold water to form a seal that prevents sewer gas from affecting water and sewage flow. Every plumbing fixture requires a trap. Some are integrated into the fixture (water closets), while others are external (sinks).
64
Plumbing Vent
The overall vent system allows septic gases to escape outside while also supplying fresh air. Vents are linked to the drainage system to protect the water in a trap.
65
Soil Stack
Waste Stack
Stack Vent
The soil stack carries human waste from the plumbing fixture (water closet or urinal) to the sewer. Human waste makes it considered blackwater.
Waste stacks carry non-human waste from plumbing fixtures. The water carried away from a waste stack is considered gray water.
A stack vent runs vertically and extends beyond the roof. A stack vent connects to a soil stack or waste stack above the highest fixture.
66
Wet Column
Wet columns group plumbing pipes as an alternative to lengthy horizontal waste piping. The pipes are grouped within a structural column and located away from the plumbing core in commercial design.
67
Branch Water Lines
Branched plumbing is when you run a main water line to the furthest fixture and tap off of the main line with short branch lines to each fixture. This is a very common method of plumbing.
68
Branch Waste Lines
Branch (waste) lines are offshoots of vertical stacks, like tree branches. Branch lines connect toilets, showers, sinks, washing machines, dishwashers, etc., to the corresponding vertical stack, which carries waste to the building’s drain underground or in the basement.
69
What is a plenum?
The space between the ceiling and the structural floor above is used as a passage for ductwork, piping, wiring, and return air space. Building codes limit the use of combustible and hazardous materials in the plenum.`
70
What is a VAV system?
VAV or variable air volume (as opposed to constant air volume, CAV)
With variable air volume systems, the VAV box varies the quantity of air. One duct leads in and one or more lead out and is attached to registers mounted in the ceiling. A VAV box is placed in the plenum near the space it serves.
71
What components do both water cooled and air cooled systems contain?
evaporator
compressor
condenser
expansion valve
72
What is a Single Duct System with CAV?
The single-duct system is a one-zone system. A separate supply duct and the air-handling unit are required for each zone. This system is used for small or medium-sized buildings with few zones.
73
What is a VAV system?
VAV systems cannot heat one zone while cooling another, so they are cooling-only systems. A separate heating system can be used with the VAV system. It has a low initial cost and low energy usage. It can be used for almost every building type.
74
What is a Terminal Reheat system (CAV)
Instead of VAV boxes, this system has terminal reheat boxes that reheat previously cooled air. The zone with the greatest cooling load determines how much air is cooled for the entire building.
All other zones then reheat the cold air to the desired temperature using electric-strip heaters or hot-water coils. Most of the building is heated and cooled simultaneously — a waste of energy.
75
What is a Terminal Reheat System (VAV)?
Terminal reheat systems can also be of the VAV type. In this case, the terminal reheat box also controls air volume. Varying the volume of the supply air manages the temperature. The reheat function is used only when some space needs heating while the others all need cooling.
76
What is a multi-zone system?
Every zone receives air at the required temperature through a separate duct. A multizone air-handling unit custom-mixes hot and cold air for each zone—thermostats in each zone control motorized dampers in the air-handling unit.
The multizone unit is supplied with hot water, chilled water, and fresh air. Because mixing hot and cold air creates a moderate temperature, this system is less energy efficient. Initial costs are higher because of the duplication of ducts.
77
What is a double duct system?
The double-duct system mixes hot and cold air to achieve the required air temperature. Mixing boxes are located throughout the building instead of a central unit. There is no limit to the number of zones possible. Two sets of large supply ducts are necessary.
Double-duct systems create a high level of thermal comfort and allow for zoning flexibility. They are costly, not energy-efficient, and require more building space.
78
What do all water based cooling systems require?
cooling towers
condenser water pumps
reservoirs of cooling fluid
make-up water pumps
79
Do water or air based cooling systems last longer?
water lasts longer
80
What is a fan coil system?
The fan coil unit consists of a fan and a coil in which water circulates. These units are often in cabinets placed under windows. The fan blows room air across coils through which either hot or cold water circulates. Thermostatic valves regulate the flow of water through the coils.
With four-pipe systems, heating or cooling is possible at any time of year. In less expensive two-pipe systems, hot water circulates during the winter and cold water in the summer. An occupant cannot choose between the two, so they can be less comfortable.
81
What is a water loop heat pump system?
Each zone is heated or cooled by a separate water-to-air heat pump with this system. A thermostat in each zone determines whether the heat pump extracts heat from a water loop (heating mode) or injects heat into the water loop (cooling mode). This system is most appropriate where simultaneous heating of some zones and cooling of others is required.
82
What is a passive chilled beams system?
These chilled beams are similar to active chilled beams (see combination systems below) except that no air supply is used. They work purely by natural convection.
Without forced convection to blow air down, passive chilled beams can only cool. It takes more passive than active chilled beams to cool an area because of the slow motion of natural convection.
83
What is an induction system?
Induction units are usually located under windows. They use water for heating or cooling and neutralize heat gain or loss through the building envelope. A small amount of high-velocity air provides ventilation and air movement.
Thermostats regulate temperature by controlling the flow of hot or cold water through coils.
84
What is a fan coil with supplementary air system?
This system also consists of two separate parts. There is an all-air system for ventilation and cooling of the interior areas. Fan coil units around the building perimeter neutralize heat gain or loss.
85
What is a radiant panels with supplementary air system?
Similar to radiant heating but in reverse, this type of system cools the ceiling. It cools large areas and distributes the cooled air throughout the space.
Cooling with a radiant ceiling works best in dry climates. Humidity control prevents ceiling rain from condensation.
86
The designer may need to lower the ceiling to allow for space between mechanical equipment and recessed items, such as lighting. Refer to the building section to see whether lowering the ceiling will drop it below _______
the head and upper window casings.
87
The designer may need to reselect or relocate any recessed items to ensure enough ______
plenum space.
88
Items cannot be relocated where they will interfere with the location of plumbing, including ______
the floor above
89
Enclosed rooms or areas should have both an air _____ and _____. You may be required to spot mistakes with this. The placement of grilles, registers, and thermostats can affect the layouts of furniture and systems panels.
supply and return
90
In reviewing mechanical plans, ensure that the thermostat is not located on or affected by ______-
heat from the window
91
Thermostats should be mounted at approximately ___ A.F.F. within the accessible side and forward reach ranges without obstruction by furniture.
48"
92
How are duct sizes labeled?
Ducts are labeled as W x H. The first number refers to the width of the duct, while the second represents its height. So, 16 x 14 means a sixteen-inch by fourteen-inch duct.
93
_____ lines or main duct lines are larger than the ______ lines.
Trunk, Branch
94
Size and location of HVAC access panel
2x2 or 2x4
directly below or adjacent to the unit, but not where the ductwork connects to the unit.
95
What are grilles?
often used for return air have no movable parts or slats for adjustment.
96
What are Diffusers?
have directional fins at different angles (sometimes adjustable) to distribute the air throughout the space.
97
What are Registers?
(in the floor or wall) can be open, closed, or adjusted somewhere in-between.
98
What does ventilation NOT do?
A. carry away contaminants
B. remove carbon dioxide
C. remove odor
D. increase evaporation and heat loss through convection
D
99
Which of the following requires flexible ducting that is connected to main ductwork:
A. air handling unit
B. return air grill
C. supply air register
D. sprinkler branch line
C
Supply air registers are often connected to the main ductwork with flexible ducting.
100
________ can affect the heating and air conditioning load in a space and may interfere with the supply air diffusers or other heating units near the window.
window coverings
101
What are the three goals of fire protection?
1. protection of life
2. protection of property
3. restoration and use of the building after a fire
102
What are the two goals of fire containment?
1. allow occupants to escape the building
2. protects the unaffected parts of the building or adjacent buildings
103
Why are smoke detectors the most often used initiating device?
they can detect smoldering fires that do not produce enough heat to activate sprinklers.
104
NFPA 72
sets specific requirements for installation, location, and maintenance for smoke detection systems.
105
A detector can be ceiling mounted or wall-mounted, usually ___ inches from the wall/ceiling intersection to prevent air currents from bypassing the smoke detector.
4
106
Heat Detectors
better for larger spaces or fires with more flames
can pinpoint the location of any temperature change for a specific location or a designated area.
can be paired with smoke detectors to avoid false alarms.
107
____ ___ specifies requirements for flame detection alarm systems or radiant sensing systems
NFPA 101
108
What are the three types of flame detectors?
1. Optical Detectors use sensors to detect when flames are present.
2. UV Detectors can detect radiation within four milliseconds of ignition. Some have a time delay to prevent accidental triggers from lightning.
3. Infrared Detectors use thermal imaging to sense the hot gases produced by a fire, like carbon dioxide. The typical alert time for IR detectors is 3-5 seconds.
109
Where are smoke detectors required in residential design?
Codes require smoke detectors within and outside of every sleeping room or area. They are also required at the head of every stair, on every level, including the basement.
110
Where are smoke detectors required in commercial design?
Codes do not specify smoke detector locations for commercial locations in the same manner as residential spaces. Smoke detectors as initiating devices for fire detection and suppression are addressed in NFPA 72.
111
What is an ionization detector?
This detector responds to the ions formed by combustion instead of smoke, flames, or heat. Because of this, these are not the best detectors for heavy smoke fires.
112
What is a photoelectric detector?
This detector aims a light beam into the room or space. When smoke blocks the beam, it sets off an alarm. These are best for heavy smoke fires.
113
What is a Rise of temperature detector?
This detector reacts to an increase in temperature within a space. Because rising temperatures indicate flames, this alarm may be too late to stop a fire.
114
What is a flame detector?
This detector senses the ultraviolet or infrared light from flames. Like the rise in temperature detectors, flames might be detected too late to stop a fire.
115
What is a fire resistant barrier?
These combine fire suppression and smoke suppression within building components, including doors, windows, and HVAC systems.
116
How do fire dampers and gaskets work?
These are placed within the ductwork and close when subjected to a rise in temperature or smoke detection. Fire dampers prevent the spread of smoke and fire.
117
How do smoke dampers work?
Like a fire damper, UL-rated devices are designed to block passageways in ductwork upon detection of smoke. Smoke dampers resist the passage of smoke and air.
118
What are automatic closing fire doors?
An automatic-closing door is held open until released during a fire. NFPA 80 defines an automatic-closing device as “a device that causes the door or window to close when activated by a fusible link or detector.” For many locations, IBC requires doors to be automatic-closing upon smoke detection.
119
What are smoke exhaust systems?
These exhaust systems function only in fires and use air velocity and air pressure to control smoke movement. Smoke exhaust systems help keep toxic gases out of refuge areas and help reduce concentrations of dangerous gases. They also help to remove smoke after the fire is extinguished.
120
Visual alarms are also referred to as ______
strobes
121
What areas typically require strobes?
restrooms, corridors, lobbies, meeting rooms, break rooms, examination rooms, classrooms
122
IBC requires sprinklers in buildings over ___ feet tall
75
123
What is the typical distance between sprinkler heads?
12' - 15'
124
What are recessed sprinkler heads?
These sprinklers recess into the ceiling, with the heads smooth and flush with the surface. The head falls away, and the sprinkler lowers when the sprinkler is activated by fire.
125
What are upright sprinkler heads?
These sprinklers face upright and are often used in exposed plumbing or high unfinished ceilings.
126
What are pendent sprinklers?
These are the most traditional; their heads extend a few inches below the ceiling.
127
What are sidewall heads?
These are used when one row of sprinklers is adequate for a small room or corridor. A horizontal version can be plumbed from the walls instead of the ceiling, making them suitable for retrofits or remodels.
128
Size and spacing of fire extinguishers depends on what?
-types of fires anticipated
-the size of the potential floor area in which a fire may occur
-the travel distance for a building occupant to get to an extinguishers location
- the extent of flammable materials, which determines the hazard class
129
What is a Class A fire extinguisher for?
For use with ordinary combustibles, such as wood or paper. Water is the primary extinguishing agent.
130
What is a Class B fire extinguisher for?
For use with spilled flammable liquids, such as grease, oil, or gasoline, and designed to smother the fire and not spread the burning liquid.
131
What is a Class C fire extinguisher for?
For use in electrical fires. The extinguishing agent is non-conductive so as not to spread the fire.
132
What is a type D fire extinguisher for?
For use on flammable metals. There is no picture designator for Class D extinguishers. These extinguishers generally have no multipurpose rating for use on other types of fires.
133
What is a Type K fire extinguisher for?
For use in fires involving combustible cooking components and fires involve cooking oils used in commercial cooking equipment.
134
In a Fire Extinguisher Class A space, no occupant can be more than __ feet from a fire extinguisher when fire extinguishers are required; other classes require shorter distances.
75
135
Fire Extinguisher Mounting:
Up to 40 lbs: top a maximum of _ feet above the floor.
Over 40 lbs: top a maximum of _ feet above the floor
5
3.5
136
What are low voltage systems & what are some common LVS?
electrical systems that use 50 volts (V) of electricity or less. Common low voltages include 48 V, 24 V, and 12 V.
residential: doorbells
garage door openers
home security sensors
thermostats
landscape lighting
Commercial: fire protection systems
security systems
sound and communication systems
137
What is perimeter protection in an intrusion detection system?
(magnetic contacts, broken glass detectors, window screens, photoelectric cells)
138
what is area/room detection in an intrusion detection system?
(photoelectric beams, infrared detectors, audio detectors, pressure sensors, ultrasonic detectors, microwave detectors)
139
What is object protection?
(magnetic or touch-sensitive detectors
140
What are access control devices?
card readers, electronic locks, punched card readers, and biometric readers coordinated with door hardware.
141
What is an active monitoring system?
These control systems address heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, power, access to the building, or shading.
142
What is a passive monitoring system?
Passive systems require no power, no moving parts, no controls. Building commissioning may be necessary to ensure these systems are working as intended. While they may have a higher initial cost, they require little to no maintenance.
ex: solar power
143
What are building automation systems?
Building automation systems can integrate many aspects of building control into a single unit or control panel. These are used in most large buildings today.
144
Wheelchair lifts are available with up to a __‐foot rise.
14
145
In addition to car and door size requirements in elevators, accessible elements include:
Floor status and travel indicators in cars and at landings
Clear floor space at call controls
Car and landing call buttons within reach ranges
Audible and visible signals
Braille and raised characters at buttons
Automatic sliding doors
146
What is an LU/LA elevator?
A LU/LA elevator is a power passenger elevator where the use and application are limited by size, capacity, speed, and rise. These are intended primarily to provide vertical transportation for people with physical disabilities and their companions.
147
Moving walks and ramps are limited to about __ feet in length.
1000
148
What is the code maximum riser and tread for residential use?
7 3/4" riser
10" tread
149
An accessible route may have a slope up to ____
a slope any greater than this is classified as a ramp
1:20
or 5%
150
Daylighting brings light into the interiors of buildings through the use of natural lighting from what 3 things?
1. windows
2. skylights
3. light shelves
151
What is Direct and indirect Lighting?
direct - where 90-100% of light falls on a specific area
indirect - lighting is spread across large areas
light usually directed upwards reflecting off ceiling and walls
152
What is semi-direct, semi indirect, and direct-indirect lighting?
semi direct - A system in which 60 to 90 percent of the light from a luminaire shines down toward the working surface.
semi-indirect - This light is mostly reflected but some part of the light source also provides a smaller amount of direct light. Most of this light is beamed upward. Semi flush mount lights like those you would find in hallways and stairwells are examples of this type of lighting
direct/indirect - Lighting that is mixed from direct sources and indirect reflection. In daylighting this means that some part of the light of the sky or the sun is bounced off some surface, while at least part of the sky is still visible from the point in question.
153
What is general diffuse, task, and ambient lighting?
general diffuse - Lighting involving luminaires that distribute 40% to 60% of the emitted light downward and the balance upward, sometimes with a strong component at 90 degrees (horizontal)
task - provides increased light for specific tasks in a room that may already have some ambient light
ambient - Ambient lighting, or what is commonly called as general lighting, serves as the primary source of light for a certain room.
154
What are the three families of light sources?
1. incandescent (halogen + xenon)
2. discharge (fluorescents and HIDS)
3. Solid State (LEDs)
155
What is efficacy?
measure of energy efficiency (measures lumen per watt)
156
What are halogen and xenon lights?
halogen - bright but hot. cheaper upfront, but cost more to operate. have a shorter lamp life. They are dimmable.
xenon - type of incandescent fixture with xenon gas with warm light. dimmable but not energy efficient bc give off more heat. lamp life similar to fluorescent, but not as long as LED.
157
What are Fluorescent and HID lights?
Fluorescent - more energy-efficient bc give off minimal heat. brighter than LEDs but have a harsher, whiter-colored light. not dimmable without special housing and switching. practical for commercial spaces where the light stays on.
HID - High Intensity Discharge
includes mercury vapor, metal halide, ceramic metal halide, and high-pressure sodium lamps. They pass an electric current through a gas containing metal vapors and produce an arc of light within a tube.
158
What are LED lights?
light-emitting diodes
long-lasting, low heat, low energy use, and have lower operating costs but are more expensive upfront.
have a cooler, bluish light. They require a low voltage dimmer.
159
What is a control zone in lighting?
one or more light sources controlled by a single control output
smaller control zones provide flexibility and higher energy savings
160
Designing lighting by control zones accomplishes two purposes:
1. The designer draws switching or dimming zones by connecting lighting groups with dashed lines. Common control points are designated by letters.
2. The designer indicates functional zones by connection to controls, such as dimmers and switches.
161
What are the 4 types of outlets?
duplex
quadruplex
dedicated outlets
split wired (one outlet on switch)
162
One outlet every __ feet maximum along unbroken walls in a “habitable” space (this includes around corners)
12
163
outlet a maximum of __ feet from any obstruction or “break” in a wall such as a door
6
164
One outlet every __ feet of countertops in kitchens
4
165
No outlet required on an “unbroken” wall (as in between two doors) shorter than __ feet
2
166
At least __ wall switched electrical outlet per “habitable” room.
1
167
Wall outlet calculations cannot include floor outlets more than __ inches from a wall.
18
168
____-protected outlets required in bathrooms and kitchens
GFCI
169
GFCI vs AFCI outlets
GFCI - disconnect power to the circuit when the current leaks.
AFCI - de-energize a circuit when arc faults are detected.
170
Typically, a switch is mounted on the latch side __ AFF to comply with accessibility needs.
42"
171
#37125
This type of lamp produces light by heating a material (usually metal) to a temperature at which it glows.
Incandescent
172
What is CRI?
color rendering index (CRI) is a more accurate indication of how appropriate a lamp is for a specific application.
173
This is a representation of the shape and direction of the light coming from a luminaire. This distribution of light can be represented either numerically or graphically.
candlepower
174
Where is the junction box for a power pole located?
plenum
175
What is the order of construction on a site?
1. Foundation
2. Slab or basement plumbing
3. slab or basement floor
4. Framing, Windows, Exterior Doors
5. Fireplace, Chimney
6. Stairs
7. Rough HVAC
8. Rough Plumbing - piping
9. Rough Electrical - boxes, wiring, cable, power and data
10. Insulation - after mech and plumbing inspections
11. Drywall - after in wall inspections
176
What is the order of interior work on a site?
Cabinetry
Interior Doors and Trim
Paint and Wallpaper
Wood floors
Counter Tops
Vinyl, Ceramic tile, hard surface flooring
Wood floor sanding and finishing
Appliances & Equipment
Finish Electrical — light switches, outlets, fixtures
Finish Plumbing — fixtures and fittings
Finish HVAC
Shower Doors and Mirrors
Carpet
Hardware
Drywall repairs
Cleaning
Final Paint
Final wood floor finish or touch up
