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Anthropology (Linguistics) > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Morphology

A

-The study of the structure of words

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2
Q

Word

A

-The smallets unit of speech that can be uttered by itself and mean someting
~Or the smallest combination of hand shape/ orientation/ movement/ location that means something in signed language
-Swahili: nitakupenda
~1 word
*ni- (I) ta- (will) ku- (you) penda (love)
-English
~4 words
* I will love you

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3
Q

Morphemes

A

-The minimal unit of meaning in language
~A morpheme is a sound or combination of sounds that has a consistent meaning
*Morphemes are often smaller than a word
*But a single morpheme can also b a word
*Morphemes can consist of one sound, or multiple sounds
**Not all sounds are morphemes
-In English
~”dogs” + dog (animal) + s (plural marker)
~”dog” means something, “s” means something
~cannot be broken down further
~one word, two morphemes
*One of the morphemes can stand alone as a word (dog)
*One cannot (s)
-Can be free or bound

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4
Q

Neologism

A

-A word that is new to a language

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5
Q

Etymology

A

-The study of the origin and history of a word
~There are many different ways a word can originate and change throughout a language’s history
*Language is shaped by the needs of its users
-But, there is a lot of regulatity on how speakers create new words

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6
Q

Ways new words are formed

A
  • Borrowing
  • Compounding
  • Clipping
  • Backformation
  • Coinage
  • Derivation
  • Calpue (Loan translation)
  • Blending
  • Hypocorisms
  • Conversion
  • Acronyms
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7
Q

Borrowing

A 
-Involves taking a word from one language, and using it in a different language
~In English
*Dope (Dutch)
*Jewel (French)
*Glitzy (Yiddish)
*Lilac (Persian)
*Piano (Italian)
*Pretzel (German)
*Ski (Norwegian)
*Sofa (Aribic)
*Tattoo (Tahitian)
*Tycoon (Japanese)
*Yogurt (Turkish)
*Zebra (Bantu)
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8
Q

Calque (Loan translations)

A

-Involves a special type of borrowing, where a direct translation of the elements of a word is incorporated into the borrowing language (also known as loan-translations)
~In Spanish
*Rascacielo- Comes from English word “sktscraper”
**rascca (scrape) + cielo (sky)
*“perros calientes” - direct translation of English
**“hotdogs”
-Practice
~footobooru (Japanese) = football (English)
~trening (Hungarian)
= Training (English)
~luna de miel (Spanish “moon of honey”) = Honeymoon (English) Calque
~Jardin d’enfant (French “garden of children”) = kindergarten (German “children’s garden”) Calque

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9
Q

Compounding

A

-When two words are combined into one new word
~In English
*Bookcase (book + case), textbook (text + book), handsaw (hand +saw)
~In Hmong (spoken in Southeast Asia
*Hwjkais- “kettle” (hwj (pot) + kais (spout))
*Hnabrauntawv- “schoolbag” (hnad (bag) + rau (put) + ntawv (paper))
-When we compound words in English, the compound word usuaally takes on the part of speech of the SECOND word in the compound
~black (ADJ) + board (N) = blackboard (N)
~home (N) + sick (ADJ) = homesick (ADJ)
~grand (ADJ) + mother (N)
= grandmother (N)

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10
Q

Blending

A 
-When we take the beginning of one word, and add it to the end of another word
~In English
*Smoke + fog =Smog
*Breakfast + lunch = Brunch
*Spanish + English = Spanglish
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11
Q

Clipping

A 
-A type of word formation which occurs when a word is shortened
~In English
*Gasoline = Gas
*Gymnasium = Gym
*Influenza = Flu
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12
Q

Hypocorisms

A

-A type of word reduction, where a multisyllable word is reduced to one syllable, and then [i] is added to the end
~Primarily found in certain varieties of English
~In English (particularly British and Australian English)
*Television = telly
*Australian = Aussie
*Handkerchief = hanky
*Stomach = tummy

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13
Q

Conversion

A

-A change in the function of a word (for example, from noun to verb), without and reduction
~In English
*bottle (N) = bottle (V)
*To hire (V) = hire (N), as in new hires
*Down (ADJ) = down (V), as in “down a few beers”
*Doctor (N) “a doctor” = to doctor (V) “to doctor a person = doctor (V) “alter or change a document”

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14
Q

Coinage

A

-Invention of totally new words
~This is the process involved when brand names become associated with a product more generally
*In English
**kleenex, vaseline, google
~Words based on the name of a person or a place are called eponyms
*Teddy Roosevelt = teddy bear
*Earl of Sandwich = sandwich

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15
Q

Acronyms

A

-A type of coinage, new words formed from the initial letters of other words
~Can consist of saying each letter separately, as in CD, ATM
~Or can be pronounced as a new, single words, as in NASA, PIN, laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), or scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus)

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16
Q

Derivation

A

-Adding a small, meaningful unit (morphemes) to existing words
~These small units usually do not exist as words on their own, and are called affixes
*Prefixes are added to the beginning of words
**Unlucky, misunderstood, rewrite
*Suffixes are added to the end of words
**Quickly, happiness, alcoholism
*Infixes are added to the middle of words
**Absofreakinlutely, awholenother
-Infixes are rare in English (usually emotionally charged statements)
-More common in some of the other languages of the world:
~Khum, a Laotian language
*toh - to chisel = trnoh - a chisel
*see - to drill = srnee - a drill
*hiip - to eat with a spoon = hrniip - a spoon
*hoom - to tie = hrnoom - a thing with which to tie
*if the word kap manes “to grasp with tongs”, how would you say ‘“tongs”?
**krnap
-Another, more rare type of affix is the circumfix
~In Indonesian
*besar (big) = knbesaran (bigness)
*indah (beautiful) = keindahan (beauty)
*sehat (healthy = kesehatan (health)

17
Q

Backformation

A

-Is a reduction process where a word of one type (often a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (often a verb)
~Typically involves removing a morpheme (or a part of the word that is perceived as a morpheme)
~Different from clipping and conversion as the word is reduced and the function changes
~In English
*Television = televis
*Conversation = conersate
*Babysitter = babysit

18
Q

Multiple processes

A

-Often more than one of these processes are involved in the creation of a word
~”I’m going to the deli”: borrowed from delicatessen (German) = clipped to “deli”
*“I like deli meat”: converted form Noun to an adjective
*“I’d like a decaf” : clipped from decaffeinated = Converted from an ADJ to a N

19
Q

Free morphemes

A

-That can stand by themselves as single words
~In English
*Cat, New, tour, lemon
-Can be called lexical or functional

20
Q

Bound Morphemes

A

-That cannot normally stand alone, but have to be attached to other morphemes
~In English
*rewritten, establishment, papers
-Bound morphemes are also called affixes
-Attach to a root (Steam or base) morpheme, or to other bound morphemes
~undressed = un (prefix) + dress (root) + ed (suffix)
~carelessness = care (root) + less (suffix) + ness (suffix)
- In English, roots are usually free morphemes, but no always
~deNOUNCE, anNOUNCE, reNOUNCE
-Can be derivational or inflectional

21
Q

Lexical morphemes

A
  • are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs which “carry the content” of the things we say
    ~In English
    *boy, woman, mansion, lion, happy, short, green, phony, closed, hear, dream, build, etc.
    -Languages can add new lexical morphemes easily
    ~They are an open class of words
22
Q

Functional morphemes

A
  • Are conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns (‘grammar’ words that express relations between other words)
    ~In English
    *and, but, where, because, for, below, on, it, them, etc.
    -Languages do not add new functional morphemes easily
    ~They are closed class of words
23
Q

Derivational morphemes

A
  • are used to create new words with new meanings, or change words into a different grammatical category
    ~In English
    *good + ness = goodness
    *un + happy = unhappy
24
Q

Inflectional morphemes

A
  • Indicate the grammatical features of words (gender, number, person, tense, aspect, mood)
    ~An inflectional morpheme never changes the grammatical category of a word
    ~It adds grammatical meaning to the word, but doesn’t change its central ‘root’ meaning
    *In English
    ** walrus + es = walruses
    **cook + ed = cooked
    **cold + er = colder
25
Q

Practice

A

-Ilocano, a language from the Philippines
~ulo (head) = ululo (heads)
~dalan (road) = daldalan (roads)
~biag (life) = bibiag (lives)
~mula (plant) = mulmula (plants)
~Ilocano signifies “plural (more than one)” by repeating the first syllable of singular word
~If “tawtawa” is “windows,” how would you say “window”? tawa
~If “talon” is field,” how would you say “fields”? taltalon
-Tagalog, a language from the Philippines
~basa (read) = bumasa (read!) = babasa (will read)
~twaga (call) = tumawag (call!) = tatawag (will call)
~sulat (write) = sumulat (write!) = susulat (will write)
~The imperative is fromed via infix (um)
~The future is formed by repeating the first syllable of the base form

26
Q

Reduplication

A
  • The process seen in Ilocano plurals and Tagalog future
    ~This is where all or part of a word is repeated
    ~often used to denote plural or future
27
Q

Morphs and Allomorphs

A

-Some morphemes can be pronounced in multiple ways
~Morphs and allomorphs are similar to phones, phonemes, and allophones in phonology
~Just as phones are the actual phonetic realization of phonemes, morphs are the actual forms used to realize morphemes
~When a morpheme had multiple morphs, they are called allomorphs
*different ways of pronouncing the same morpheme
-Consider English plural
~in English, we have a morpheme that means “plural” or “more than one”
~This morpheme is applied to nouns when we are talking about more than one of something
~Cats, dogs, classes
~[s], [z], [iz]
~3 different allomorphs of the same ‘plural’ morph
*Like allophones, allomorphs are influenced by phonological processes

Anthropology (Linguistics) (15 decks)

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