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Anthropology (Linguistics) > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Phonetics

A

-The study of speech sounds

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2
Q

Three main branches of phonetics which address different aspects of sound

A
  • Articulatory phonetics
  • Acoustic phonetics
  • Auditory phonetics
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3
Q

Articulatory phonetics

A

-The study of how speech sounds are made (articulated)

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4
Q

Acoustic phonetics

A

-The study of the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air

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5
Q

Auditory phonetics

A

-The study of the perception of speech sounds (also called perceptual phonetics)

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6
Q

What is sound

A

-Auditory perceptions of air pressure fluctuations

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7
Q

Vibration

A
  • The source of any sound
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8
Q

Sound waves

A
  • Something vibrates and disturbs the air molecules surrounding it
    ~A sound wave is fluctuation of air pressure
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9
Q

Air pressure

A
  • How close together air molecules are
    ~Air is elastic; it gaves in, then pushes back
    *When something vibrates, air molecules get pushed together, then pulled apart
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10
Q

Pressure wave

A

-Alternation of higher and lower pressure

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11
Q

Sound

A

-An air pressure fluctuation traveling through the air that hits the eardrum (or other apparatus designed to receive sound, like a microphone)
~A sound id the thing we hear when there is an air pressure fluctuation

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12
Q

Acoustic medium

A
  • Sound can travel through mediums other than air (water, walls, other gases, etc)
    ~ Only not in a vacuum-> like in space
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13
Q

Vocal folds

A

-Create vibrations which produce sound waves that can be perceived as sound

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14
Q

Vocal tract

A 
- Specialized for making speech sounds (Think of it like a woodwind instrument)`
~Air flow
*Lungs
~Vibration
*Vocal folds (glottis)
~Shape of instrument
*Upper vocal tract
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15
Q

How it works

A

-Start with air pushed out by lungs through the trachea to the larynx
- Larynx contains the glottis (vocal folds); if vocal folds are:
~Open: Air from lungs passes through; vocal folds do not vibrate
~Closed: Air from lungs repeatedly pushed the folds apart as it passes through, resulting in vibration
-Finally, the air is shaped by the upper vocal tract
~Tongue, lips, etc

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16
Q

Glottis

A

-The opening between the vocal folds
~We ca open and close the glottis. During normal breathing, it is open. If the vocal folds are held loosely together while exhaling, we create voicing

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17
Q

Voicing

A

-The buzzing sound of the glottis rapidly opening and closing, and the vocal folds vibrating
~Voicing happens iv voiced sounds like{z}
* Say “sssssssszzzzzzzssssssszzzzzz” and touch your larynx with a finger (feel the vibration)

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18
Q

Voiced sounds

A

-Vocal folds are closed, vibrating

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19
Q

Voiceless sounds

A

-Vocal folds are open, not vibrating

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20
Q

The Bernoulli effect

A

-Lung are is pushed out. The vocal folds are pushed apart. Air flows out through the narrow gap
-The vocal folds are pushed apart again and the cycle repeats itself
-The vocal folds are sucked back together by the Bernoulli effect(by the low pressure that created between the vocal folds)
-Voicing is not the result of very fast muscle movement
~No human muscle can move as quickly as the vocal folds vibrate
- The Bernoulli Effect is an aerodynamic effect- a side effect of air flow at the glottis
~All we have to do is exhale air when the vocal folds are held closely together at the right tension, and it happens automatically

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21
Q

Producing speech sounds

A 
-Once air has been pushed through the vocal folds, we can use parts of out upper vocal tracts to shape different sounds
~Lips
~Teeth
~Tongue
~Alveolar ridge
~Palate
~Uvula
~Velum
~Nasal cavity
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22
Q

Two main types of speech sounds produced by humans

A
  • Consonants

- Vowels

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23
Q

Consonants

A
  • The airflow is constricted in some way

- Can be voiced to voiceless

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24
Q

Vowels

A
  • The airflow is not constricted

- Usually voiced

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25
Q

How many different sounds are in the English language?

A

-In “Standard American” English, there are about 40
~About 15 vowels
~About 25 consonants

26
Q

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A

-Each symbol represents a sound used in language
~Not to be confused with orthography
-About 80 consonant symbols
-About 30 vowel symbols
-Diacritics for more precise transcription
-Different languages use different sets of sounds

27
Q

Using the IPA

A

-Generally, each symbol represents one sound
~Symbols in brackets[] indicate IPA
~Pay close attention to the symbols
*Symbols may look similar, but represent different sounds
**[n] and [ŋ]
**[r] and [ɾ]
- There are some symbols which don’t represent actual sounds
~Diacritics
-The IPA chart is designed to correspond with the articulatory parameters of consonants and vowels
~Consonants are arranged based on
*Place of articulation, manner of articulation, voicing
~Vowels are arranged based on
*Tongue height, tongue backness, lip rounding

28
Q

Diacritics

A 
-For more precise transcription, such as
~[.]
*syllable boundary
~[:]
*lengthening
29
Q

Place of articulation

A 
-Refers to where in the vocal tract the air is constricted
~Bilabial
~Labiodental
~Dental (or interdental)
~Alveolar
~Post-alveolar/ Alveopalatal
~Palatal
~Velar
~Glottal
30
Q

Bilabial

A 
-Both Lips
~In SAE
*[p] (voiceless)
**Pat
*[b], [m], [w] (voiced)
**Bat, Mat, Wet
31
Q

Labiodental

A 
-Upper teeth and lower lip
~In SAE
*[f] (voiceless)
**Fat
*[v] (voiced)
**Vat
32
Q

Dental (or interdental)

A 
-Tongue tip right behind the upper teeth, or between the teeth
~In SAE
*[θ] (voiceless)
**THin
*[ð] (voiced)
**THen
33
Q

Alveolar

A 
-Tongue tip on alveolar ridge
~In SAE
*[t], [s] (voiceless)
**top, sit
*[d], [n], [z], [l], [ɹ], [r] (voiced)
**Dog, Nut, Zoo, Lap, Rap, buTTer
34
Q

Post-alveolar/Alveopalatal

A 
-Tongue hits between the alveolar ridge and palate
~In SAE
*[ʃ], [tʃ] (voiceless)
**SHoe, CHoose
*[ʒ], [dʒ] (voiced)
**meaSure, Jeans
35
Q

Palatal

A

-The tongue and the hard palate
~In SAE
*[j] (voiced)
**Yet

36
Q

Velar

A 
-Back of the tongue and the velum
~In SAE
*[k] (voiceless)
**Cat
*[g]; [ŋ] (voiced)
**Gun, baNG
37
Q

Glottal

A 
-Using the glottis
~The open space between the vocal folds
~In SAE
*[h], [ʔ] (voiceless)
**Hat, uh-oh/whaT
38
Q

Manner of articulation

A

-We can manipulate the airflow in different ways when we make consonants sounds
-The was a consonant sounds is produced
~Place of articulation tells you where in the vocal tract a sound is made
~Manner of articulation tells you how it sound is made

39
Q

Stops/plosives

A 
-block the airflow completely, then let it go abruptly
~In SAE
*[p], [t], [k], [ʔ] (voiceless)
**Pat, Tall, Cat, whaT
*[b], [d], [g] (voiced)
**Bed, Dad, Good
40
Q

Fricatives

A 
-Almost block the airflow completely, and force it through a narrow gap, creating friction
~In SAE
*[f], [θ], [ʃ], [h], [s] (voiceless)
**Fat, THick, SHoe, Hat, Soil
*[v], [ð], [ʒ], [z] (voiced)
**Vat, THat, leiSure, Zap
41
Q

Affricates

A 
-Combine a stop with a fricative (a brief stopping of airflow, released through narrow gap)
~In SAE
*[tʃ] (voiceless)
**CHoose
*[dʒ] (voiced)
**juDGE
42
Q

Nasals

A

-Most sounds are produced orally, when velum raised, preventing airflow from entering nasal cavity
-When velum is lowered, air is blocked from going through the mouth and flows through the nose instead
~In SAE
*[m], [n], [ŋ] (voiced)
**Mat, Name, wiNG

43
Q

Liquids

A

-Let the air flow around the sides of the tongue as the tongue tip goes near the alveolar ridge
~In SAE
*[l], [ɹ] (voiced)
Like, Red
[l] is called a ‘lateral approximant/liquid’
[ɹ] is called a ‘retroflex approximant/liquid’

44
Q

Glides

A

-Produce with the tongue moving to or from a vowel position
~In SAE
*[j], [w] (voiced)
Yellow, Wish

45
Q

Approximants

A

-Liquids and glides
~Articulators approach each other but there is not a complete closure, or enough closure to cause friction
~They fall somewhere between vowels and consonants in terms of ‘obstruction of airflow)

46
Q

Tap/Flap

A

-Briefly tapping the tongue tip to the alveolar ridge (rather than a full stop)
~In SAE
*[r] (voiced
**buTTer, waiTer

47
Q

Different varieties of English that may use different sounds

A

-Consider
~[w] and [ʍ]
~[ʒ] and [dʒ]

48
Q

Vowels

A

-Produce with relatively free flow of air
~but air flow is still shaped by tongue and lips
- but they are articulated differently, vowels and consonants are described differently
-Usually voiced, so voicing is not a meaningful distinction for vowels
-Airflow is not constricted with vowels, so place and manner of articulation are not meaningful distinction of vowels either
~Instead we describe vowels based on
*Tongue height
*Tongue backness
*Lip rounding

49
Q

Tongue height

A

-Space inside the mouth has a high vs. low area

50
Q

High vowels

A

-Sound is made with tongue in raised position (towards roof of mouth)
~In SAE
*[i], [I], [u], [ʊ]
**mEEt, mItt, sOOn, pUt

51
Q

Low vowels

A

-Sound is made with tongue lowered (towards bottom of mouth)
~In SAE
*[æ], [a]
**mAt, pOt

52
Q

Middle vowels

A

-Sounds made with tongue in mid-height position
~In SAE
*[ɛ], [ə], [ʌ], [ɔ]
** sEnd, Above, abOve, cAUGHt
*The difference between [ə] and [ʌ] is stress
**[ə] only occurs in unstressed syllables
**[ʌ] only occurs in stressed syllables

53
Q

Tongue backness

A

-Refers to which part of the tongue is being moved to make the sound

54
Q

Front vowels

A

-Front part of tongue moves to make sound
~In SAE
*[i], [I], [ɛ], [æ]
**hEAt, hIt, hEn, hAt

55
Q

Back vowels

A

-Back part of tongue moves to make sound
~In SAE
*[u], [ʊ], [ɔ], [a]
**bOOt, pUt, fOUGHt, hOt

56
Q

Central vowels

A

-Tongue position is centralized
~In SAE
*[ʌ], [ə]
**hUt, Amok

57
Q

Lip rounding

A

-Some vowels sounds involve rounding of the lips
~In SAE
*[u], [ɔ], [ʊ]
**sUE, bOUGHt, pUt

58
Q

Diphthings

A 
-Consists of two vowels sounds combined 
~Start in one vocalic position and moved to another
*In SAE
**[aI], [aʊ]. [eI], [oʊ], [ɔI]
bIte, hOW, wEIGH, bOne, bOY
59
Q

Practice

A

-What is the IPA symbol for the bolded sound and how is it described in terms of articulation
~mEEt
*[i] high vowel, front vowel, unrounded
~puSH
*[ʃ] voiceless, Post-alveolar/Alveopalatal, and fricatives

60
Q

Assignment/Quiz

A
  • Look at a word transcribe in IPA, and say what word it is in English
  • See a word written in English, and transcribe it into IPA
  • Look at a group of sounds and state what articulatory parameters they have in common, or how they are different
61
Q

Using IPA

A
  • Sometimes the IPA symbols correspond with English writing
    ~[s], [t], [p], [k], [m], [n], [z], [h]
    -Other times they don’t correspond with English writing
    ~[r], [x], [c], [I], [j]
    -Sometimes IPA symbols look nothing like English writing
    ~[ʃ], [θ], [ʔ], [ʒ], [ɹ]
62
Q

Additionally, in English

A
  • More than one spelling may be used for the same sound (or combination of sounds)
    ~Ate, bAIt, grEAt, wEIGHt [eI]
    ~miX, kiCKS, reeKS, eXCept, aCCept [ks]
    ~bIte, bYte, mIGHt, pIE, rYe, AISle [aI]
    ~Sell, Cell, SCintillate [s]
    -More than one sound may be represented by the same spelling
    ~THis, THin [ð]/[θ]
    ~miX, XYlophone, eXaggerate [ks]/[z]/[gz]
    ~rEAd, rEAd, grEAt, rEAct [i],[ɛ]/[eI]/[i.æ]
    -More than one orthographic letter may be used to represent a single sound
    ~SHeet, THick, CHicken, mOOn [ʃ]/[θ]/[tʃ]/[u]
    -One orthographic letter may be used to represent multiple sounds
    ~eXactly, miX [gz]/[ks]

Anthropology (Linguistics) (15 decks)

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