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Anthropology (Linguistics) > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Phonetics

A

-The study of speech sounds

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2
Q

Three main branches of phonetics which address different aspects of sound

A
  • Articulatory phonetics
  • Acoustic phonetics
  • Auditory phonetics
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3
Q

Articulatory phonetics

A

-The study of how speech sounds are made (articulated)

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4
Q

Acoustic phonetics

A

-The study of the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air

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5
Q

Auditory phonetics

A

-The study of the perception of speech sounds (also called perceptual phonetics)

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6
Q

What is sound

A

-Auditory perceptions of air pressure fluctuations

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7
Q

Vibration

A
  • The source of any sound
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8
Q

Sound waves

A
  • Something vibrates and disturbs the air molecules surrounding it
    ~A sound wave is fluctuation of air pressure
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9
Q

Air pressure

A
  • How close together air molecules are
    ~Air is elastic; it gaves in, then pushes back
    *When something vibrates, air molecules get pushed together, then pulled apart
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10
Q

Pressure wave

A

-Alternation of higher and lower pressure

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11
Q

Sound

A

-An air pressure fluctuation traveling through the air that hits the eardrum (or other apparatus designed to receive sound, like a microphone)
~A sound id the thing we hear when there is an air pressure fluctuation

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12
Q

Acoustic medium

A
  • Sound can travel through mediums other than air (water, walls, other gases, etc)
    ~ Only not in a vacuum-> like in space
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13
Q

Vocal folds

A

-Create vibrations which produce sound waves that can be perceived as sound

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14
Q

Vocal tract

A 
- Specialized for making speech sounds (Think of it like a woodwind instrument)`
~Air flow
*Lungs
~Vibration
*Vocal folds (glottis)
~Shape of instrument
*Upper vocal tract
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15
Q

How it works

A

-Start with air pushed out by lungs through the trachea to the larynx
- Larynx contains the glottis (vocal folds); if vocal folds are:
~Open: Air from lungs passes through; vocal folds do not vibrate
~Closed: Air from lungs repeatedly pushed the folds apart as it passes through, resulting in vibration
-Finally, the air is shaped by the upper vocal tract
~Tongue, lips, etc

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16
Q

Glottis

A

-The opening between the vocal folds
~We ca open and close the glottis. During normal breathing, it is open. If the vocal folds are held loosely together while exhaling, we create voicing

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17
Q

Voicing

A

-The buzzing sound of the glottis rapidly opening and closing, and the vocal folds vibrating
~Voicing happens iv voiced sounds like{z}
* Say “sssssssszzzzzzzssssssszzzzzz” and touch your larynx with a finger (feel the vibration)

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18
Q

Voiced sounds

A

-Vocal folds are closed, vibrating

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19
Q

Voiceless sounds

A

-Vocal folds are open, not vibrating

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20
Q

The Bernoulli effect

A

-Lung are is pushed out. The vocal folds are pushed apart. Air flows out through the narrow gap
-The vocal folds are pushed apart again and the cycle repeats itself
-The vocal folds are sucked back together by the Bernoulli effect(by the low pressure that created between the vocal folds)
-Voicing is not the result of very fast muscle movement
~No human muscle can move as quickly as the vocal folds vibrate
- The Bernoulli Effect is an aerodynamic effect- a side effect of air flow at the glottis
~All we have to do is exhale air when the vocal folds are held closely together at the right tension, and it happens automatically

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21
Q

Producing speech sounds

A 
-Once air has been pushed through the vocal folds, we can use parts of out upper vocal tracts to shape different sounds
~Lips
~Teeth
~Tongue
~Alveolar ridge
~Palate
~Uvula
~Velum
~Nasal cavity
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22
Q

Two main types of speech sounds produced by humans

A
  • Consonants

- Vowels

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23
Q

Consonants

A
  • The airflow is constricted in some way

- Can be voiced to voiceless

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24
Q

Vowels

A
  • The airflow is not constricted

- Usually voiced

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25
How many different sounds are in the English language?
-In "Standard American" English, there are about 40 ~About 15 vowels ~About 25 consonants
26
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
-Each symbol represents a sound used in language ~Not to be confused with orthography -About 80 consonant symbols -About 30 vowel symbols -Diacritics for more precise transcription -Different languages use different sets of sounds
27
Using the IPA
-Generally, each symbol represents one sound ~Symbols in brackets[] indicate IPA ~Pay close attention to the symbols *Symbols may look similar, but represent different sounds **[n] and [ŋ] **[r] and [ɾ] - There are some symbols which don't represent actual sounds ~Diacritics -The IPA chart is designed to correspond with the articulatory parameters of consonants and vowels ~Consonants are arranged based on *Place of articulation, manner of articulation, voicing ~Vowels are arranged based on *Tongue height, tongue backness, lip rounding
28
Diacritics
``` -For more precise transcription, such as ~[.] *syllable boundary ~[:] *lengthening ```
29
Place of articulation
``` -Refers to where in the vocal tract the air is constricted ~Bilabial ~Labiodental ~Dental (or interdental) ~Alveolar ~Post-alveolar/ Alveopalatal ~Palatal ~Velar ~Glottal ```
30
Bilabial
``` -Both Lips ~In SAE *[p] (voiceless) **Pat *[b], [m], [w] (voiced) **Bat, Mat, Wet ```
31
Labiodental
``` -Upper teeth and lower lip ~In SAE *[f] (voiceless) **Fat *[v] (voiced) **Vat ```
32
Dental (or interdental)
``` -Tongue tip right behind the upper teeth, or between the teeth ~In SAE *[θ] (voiceless) **THin *[ð] (voiced) **THen ```
33
Alveolar
``` -Tongue tip on alveolar ridge ~In SAE *[t], [s] (voiceless) **top, sit *[d], [n], [z], [l], [ɹ], [r] (voiced) **Dog, Nut, Zoo, Lap, Rap, buTTer ```
34
Post-alveolar/Alveopalatal
``` -Tongue hits between the alveolar ridge and palate ~In SAE *[ʃ], [tʃ] (voiceless) **SHoe, CHoose *[ʒ], [dʒ] (voiced) **meaSure, Jeans ```
35
Palatal
-The tongue and the hard palate ~In SAE *[j] (voiced) **Yet
36
Velar
``` -Back of the tongue and the velum ~In SAE *[k] (voiceless) **Cat *[g]; [ŋ] (voiced) **Gun, baNG ```
37
Glottal
``` -Using the glottis ~The open space between the vocal folds ~In SAE *[h], [ʔ] (voiceless) **Hat, uh-oh/whaT ```
38
Manner of articulation
-We can manipulate the airflow in different ways when we make consonants sounds -The was a consonant sounds is produced ~Place of articulation tells you where in the vocal tract a sound is made ~Manner of articulation tells you how it sound is made
39
Stops/plosives
``` -block the airflow completely, then let it go abruptly ~In SAE *[p], [t], [k], [ʔ] (voiceless) **Pat, Tall, Cat, whaT *[b], [d], [g] (voiced) **Bed, Dad, Good ```
40
Fricatives
``` -Almost block the airflow completely, and force it through a narrow gap, creating friction ~In SAE *[f], [θ], [ʃ], [h], [s] (voiceless) **Fat, THick, SHoe, Hat, Soil *[v], [ð], [ʒ], [z] (voiced) **Vat, THat, leiSure, Zap ```
41
Affricates
``` -Combine a stop with a fricative (a brief stopping of airflow, released through narrow gap) ~In SAE *[tʃ] (voiceless) **CHoose *[dʒ] (voiced) **juDGE ```
42
Nasals
-Most sounds are produced orally, when velum raised, preventing airflow from entering nasal cavity -When velum is lowered, air is blocked from going through the mouth and flows through the nose instead ~In SAE *[m], [n], [ŋ] (voiced) **Mat, Name, wiNG
43
Liquids
-Let the air flow around the sides of the tongue as the tongue tip goes near the alveolar ridge ~In SAE *[l], [ɹ] (voiced) Like, Red [l] is called a 'lateral approximant/liquid' [ɹ] is called a 'retroflex approximant/liquid'
44
Glides
-Produce with the tongue moving to or from a vowel position ~In SAE *[j], [w] (voiced) Yellow, Wish
45
Approximants
-Liquids and glides ~Articulators approach each other but there is not a complete closure, or enough closure to cause friction ~They fall somewhere between vowels and consonants in terms of 'obstruction of airflow)
46
Tap/Flap
-Briefly tapping the tongue tip to the alveolar ridge (rather than a full stop) ~In SAE *[r] (voiced **buTTer, waiTer
47
Different varieties of English that may use different sounds
-Consider ~[w] and [ʍ] ~[ʒ] and [dʒ]
48
Vowels
-Produce with relatively free flow of air ~but air flow is still shaped by tongue and lips - but they are articulated differently, vowels and consonants are described differently -Usually voiced, so voicing is not a meaningful distinction for vowels -Airflow is not constricted with vowels, so place and manner of articulation are not meaningful distinction of vowels either ~Instead we describe vowels based on *Tongue height *Tongue backness *Lip rounding
49
Tongue height
-Space inside the mouth has a high vs. low area
50
High vowels
-Sound is made with tongue in raised position (towards roof of mouth) ~In SAE *[i], [I], [u], [ʊ] **mEEt, mItt, sOOn, pUt
51
Low vowels
-Sound is made with tongue lowered (towards bottom of mouth) ~In SAE *[æ], [a] **mAt, pOt
52
Middle vowels
-Sounds made with tongue in mid-height position ~In SAE *[ɛ], [ə], [ʌ], [ɔ] ** sEnd, Above, abOve, cAUGHt *The difference between [ə] and [ʌ] is stress **[ə] only occurs in unstressed syllables **[ʌ] only occurs in stressed syllables
53
Tongue backness
-Refers to which part of the tongue is being moved to make the sound
54
Front vowels
-Front part of tongue moves to make sound ~In SAE *[i], [I], [ɛ], [æ] **hEAt, hIt, hEn, hAt
55
Back vowels
-Back part of tongue moves to make sound ~In SAE *[u], [ʊ], [ɔ], [a] **bOOt, pUt, fOUGHt, hOt
56
Central vowels
-Tongue position is centralized ~In SAE *[ʌ], [ə] **hUt, Amok
57
Lip rounding
-Some vowels sounds involve rounding of the lips ~In SAE *[u], [ɔ], [ʊ] **sUE, bOUGHt, pUt
58
Diphthings
``` -Consists of two vowels sounds combined ~Start in one vocalic position and moved to another *In SAE **[aI], [aʊ]. [eI], [oʊ], [ɔI] bIte, hOW, wEIGH, bOne, bOY ```
59
Practice
-What is the IPA symbol for the bolded sound and how is it described in terms of articulation ~mEEt *[i] high vowel, front vowel, unrounded ~puSH *[ʃ] voiceless, Post-alveolar/Alveopalatal, and fricatives
60
Assignment/Quiz
- Look at a word transcribe in IPA, and say what word it is in English - See a word written in English, and transcribe it into IPA - Look at a group of sounds and state what articulatory parameters they have in common, or how they are different
61
Using IPA
- Sometimes the IPA symbols correspond with English writing ~[s], [t], [p], [k], [m], [n], [z], [h] -Other times they don't correspond with English writing ~[r], [x], [c], [I], [j] -Sometimes IPA symbols look nothing like English writing ~[ʃ], [θ], [ʔ], [ʒ], [ɹ]
62
Additionally, in English
- More than one spelling may be used for the same sound (or combination of sounds) ~Ate, bAIt, grEAt, wEIGHt [eI] ~miX, kiCKS, reeKS, eXCept, aCCept [ks] ~bIte, bYte, mIGHt, pIE, rYe, AISle [aI] ~Sell, Cell, SCintillate [s] -More than one sound may be represented by the same spelling ~THis, THin [ð]/[θ] ~miX, XYlophone, eXaggerate [ks]/[z]/[gz] ~rEAd, rEAd, grEAt, rEAct [i],[ɛ]/[eI]/[i.æ] -More than one orthographic letter may be used to represent a single sound ~SHeet, THick, CHicken, mOOn [ʃ]/[θ]/[tʃ]/[u] -One orthographic letter may be used to represent multiple sounds ~eXactly, miX [gz]/[ks]

Anthropology (Linguistics) (15 decks)

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