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physiology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False? An autonomic motor neurons leave the spinal cord, they synapse with another neuron prior to synapsing with the target organ

A

true

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2
Q

Autonomic motor nerves do NOT innervate

  • smooth muscle
  • skeletal muscle
  • cardia muscle
  • glands
A

skeletal muscle

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3
Q

Somatic motor neurons have a direct connection between the CNS and their effector organs, while ___ neurons must synapse on with a peripheral neuron before reaching their effectors

  • somatic sensory
  • autonomic sensory
  • autonomic motor
  • both somatic and autonomic are correct
A

autonomic motor

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4
Q 
Somatic motor reflexes involve
the autonomic nervous system 
contraction of smooth muscle
contraction of skeletal muscle 
the autonomic ganglia
A

contraction of skeletal muscle

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5
Q 
Damage to the autonomic motor nerves would probably result in
no change in skeletal muscle tone 
muscle atrophy 
flaccid paralysis 
increased skeletal muscle contraction
A

no change in skeletal muscle tone

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6
Q 
What occurs when one sympathetic preganglionic neuron synapses on several postganglionic neurons
convergence
cooperation
divergence
all of the choices are correct
A

divergence

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7
Q

From where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate
brainstem
thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord
sacral region of the spinal cord
brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord

A

brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord

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8
Q

Cutaneous effectors such as blood vessels, sweat glands, and erector pilli muscles are innervated by
only parasympathetic nerves
only sympathetic nerves
both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves
both parasympathetic and somatic nerves

A

only sympathetic nerves

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9
Q 
Damage to the midbrain would probably have a greater effect on the \_\_\_ division of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic 
parasympathetic 
somatic 
sensory
A

parasympathetic

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10
Q

True or False Sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons generally release different neurotransmitters to their smooth muscle effector cells, which is why these neurons often have antagonistic effects

A

true

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11
Q

Which autonomic division is dominant in an emergency situation?

  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
A

sympathetic

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12
Q 
Bright light would stimulate decrease in pupil diameter through \_\_ nerves
sympathetic 
parasympathetic 
somatic 
sensory
A

parasympathetic

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13
Q

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

  • utilizes norepinephrine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter
  • has a relatively short preganglionic neuron
  • utilizes acetylcholine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter
  • includes the adrenal medulla
A

utilizes acetylcholine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter

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14
Q

Which organ receives only sympathetic innervation?

  • The adrenal medulla
  • Arrector pili muscles in the skin
  • Most blood vessels
  • All of the choices are correct
A

All of the choices are correct

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15
Q 
Postganglionic \_\_\_ nerves release acetylcholine
sympathetic 
parasympathetic 
somatic 
sensory
A

parasympathetic

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16
Q 
Which of the following is a catecholamine 
norepinephrine 
acetylcholine
nitric oxide 
all of the choices are correct
A

norepinephrine

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17
Q 
The neurotransmitter released at terminal ganglia is \_\_\_
acetylcholine 
dopamine
epinephrine
norepinephrine
A

acetylcholine

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18
Q 
The swellings on postganglionic axons that contain neurotransmitter are called \_\_\_
synaptic bulbs 
axon terminals 
varicostilies 
neuromuscular junctions
A

varicosities

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19
Q

Blocking B2-adrenergic receptors prevents airway___
constriction
dilation

A

dilation

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20
Q

Alpha 2-adrenergic receptors on presynaptic axon terminals, when stimulated, cause ___

  • increased release of norepinephrine
  • decreased release of epinephrine
  • increased release of epinephrine
  • decreased release of norepinephrine
A

decrease release of norepinephrine

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21
Q

All adrenergic receptors act via ____

  • ligand-gated channels
  • sodium-potassium pump
  • H-proteins
  • G-proteins
A

g-proteins

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22
Q

Blood flow to skeletal muscle would be ___ in response to muscarinic antagonist
increased
decreased
not changed

A

decreased

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23
Q 
A defect in nitric oxide synthetase gene may result in reduced \_\_\_ of cerebral arteries since nitric oxide production would be impaired
vasoconstriction
vasodilation 
compliance
arterial pressure
A

vasodilation

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24
Q

Which of the following organs is dually innervated

  • adrenal medulla
  • arrector pili muscles in the skin
  • urinary bladder
  • most blood vessels
A

urinary bladder

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25
Q

Which of the following organs has dual ANS innervation

  • arrector pili muscles
  • adrenal medulla
  • iris
  • most blood vessels
A

iris

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26
Q

The ___ can control autonomic function, such that under some emotional states, visceral reactions like blushing, fainting, etc. can occur

  • reticular activating system
  • medulla oblongata
  • limbic system
  • cerebrum
A

limbic system

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27
Q 
The major regulatory center of the autonomic nervous system is believed to be the \_\_\_ since this brain region has function that require appropriate activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers
hypothalamus 
thalamus 
midbrain
cerebrum
A

hypothalamus

28
Q 
Visceral reactions which accompany emotional states are due to activation of the autonomic nervous system by the \_\_\_
limbic system 
cerebral cortex
cerebellum 
pons
A

limbic system

29
Q

___ fibers have relatively slower nerve conduction because they are thin and unmyelinated

  • preganglionic autonomic sympathetic
  • postganglionic autonomic sympathetic
  • preganglionic somatic
  • postganglionic somatic
A

postganglionic autonomic sympathetic

30
Q 
When two or more hormones work together to produce a particular result, their effects are \_\_\_\_
permissive 
antagonistic 
synergistic 
inhibitory
A

synergistic

31
Q

Second messengers generated by the actions of phospholipase C ___
are inhibited by the actions of caffeine
are stimulated by phosphodiesterase
may activate calmodulin
stimulate gene transcription

A

may activate calmodulin

32
Q

Which of the following directly initiates the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum

  • G-proteins
  • phospholipase C
  • Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
  • Calmodulin
A

-inositol triphosphate (IP3)

33
Q 
Cortisol secretion would cease if the \_\_ no longer secreted ACTH
posterior pituitary gland 
hypothalamus 
anterior pituitary gland 
adrenal cortex
A

anterior pituitary gland

34
Q 
The vascular link between the hypothalamus and the \_\_\_ is called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
posterior pituitary 
anterior pituitary 
pineal gland 
thalamus
A

anterior pituitary

35
Q 
Growth would be inhibited by increasing \_\_\_ secretion
prolactin 
somatostatin 
somatomedin
thyroid hormone
A

somatostatin

36
Q 
Increased circulating concentrations of testosterone would cause decreased secretion of
growth hormone 
adrenocorticotropin 
luteinizing hormone 
thyroid stimulating hormone
A

luteinizing hormone

37
Q 
Most target organ control on the anterior pituitary gland is due to
positive feedback effect
negative feedback 
negative feedback inhibition 
positive feedback inhibition
A

negative feedback inhibition

38
Q

What is the function of prolactin in females

  • stimulates milk production in the mammary glands
  • regulates the gonadotropins
  • regulates water and electrolyte balance in the kidneys
  • all of the choices are correct
A

stimulates milk production in the mammary glands

39
Q

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

  • stimulates loss of water by the kidneys
  • causes large urine volume
  • causes a darkening of the skin
  • stimulates retention of water by the kidneys
A

stimulates retention of water by the kidneys

40
Q 
Over-secretion of growth hormone in children causes\_\_\_
acromegaly 
pituitary cachexia 
gigantism 
myxedema
A

gigantism

41
Q 
What hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk-ejection during lactation
prolactin
ADH
oxytocin
lutenizing hormone
A

oxytocin

42
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus-hypophyseal tract

  • transports releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
  • transports nerve impulse from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
  • transports hormones and never impulses from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
A

transports hormones and nerve impulses from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

43
Q

Which of the following is a potent mineralocorticoid that helps increase blood volume and pressure

  • antidiuretic hormone
  • aldosterone
  • hydrocortisone
  • norepinephrine
A

aldosterone

44
Q 
What is the precursor molecule for the three types of adrenal cortex hormones
vitamin A
vitamin K 
Adenosine
Cholesterol
A

cholesterol

45
Q 
The adrenal cortex is NOT involved in regulation of \_\_\_
blood glucose 
Na + balance 
Ca+ balance 
reproduction
A

Ca +2 balance

46
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the three stages in the response to stress?

  • stage of exhaustion
  • alarm reaction
  • stage of denial
  • stage of resistance
A

stage of denial

47
Q

Which of the following is NOT an action of aldosterone secretion

  • raises blood glucose levels
  • stimulates kidneys to retain NA+
  • causes loss of K+ in urine
  • an increase in blood volume and pressure
A

raises blood glucose levels

48
Q

Which of the following is NOT an action of cortisol secretion?

  • stimulates gluconeogenesis
  • lowers blood levels of free fatty acids
  • promotes lipolysis
  • inhibits glucose utilization
A

lowers blood levels of free fatty acids

49
Q

Parathyroid hormone functions include ___

  • causing the kidneys to reabsorb calcium
  • causing the dissolution of calcium phosphate from bones
  • increasing blood calcium levels
  • all of the choices are correct
A
  • causing the kidneys to reabsorb calcium
  • causing the dissolution of calcium phosphate from bones
  • increasing blood calcium levels
50
Q

Which of the following statements about prostaglandins is true?
-prostaglandin synthesis is blocked by the actions of caffeine
-prostaglandins inhibit inflammation
-prostaglandins may contribute to asthma
thromboxane-A2 induces vasodilation

A

prostaglandins may contribute to asthma

51
Q 
What controls the release of corticoids from the adrenal cortex?
-higher brain centers
CRH from the hypothalamus 
-ACTH from the anterior pituitary 
-all of the choices are correct
A
  • higher brain centers
  • CRH from the hypothalamus
  • ACTH from the anterior pituitary
52
Q

A(n) ___ is an abnormal growth of the thyroid gland due to an iodine deficiency

  • tumor
  • goiter
  • abscess
  • keloid
A

goiter

53
Q

An individual with building eyes may be secreting ___

  • inadequate thyroid hormone
  • excessive thyroid hormone
  • inadequate cortisol
  • excessive cortisol
A

excessive thyroid hormone

54
Q

Release of TSH from the anterior pituitary causes ___

  • thyroid follicle cells produce MIT and DIT
  • thyroid follicle cells produce calcitonin
  • thyroid follicle cells take up a small amount of colloid, hydrolyze T3 and T4 and release them into the blood
  • thyroid follicle cells oxidize iodine ions to iodine
A

thyroid follicle cells take up a small amount of colloid, hydrolyze T3 and T4, and release them into the blood

55
Q

Thyroid hormone receptor proteins are found ___ of their target cells.

  • on the plasma membrane
  • in the cytoplasms
  • in the nucleus
  • all of the choices are correct
A

in the nucleus

56
Q 
The pancreas secretes hormones involved in regulation of \_\_\_
blood glucose 
the stress response 
metabolic rate 
growth and reproduction
A

blood glucose

57
Q 
Destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells would result in \_\_\_
Cushing's disease
Grave's disease
Diabetes melitus 
Diabetes insipidus
A

Diabetes mellitus

58
Q

Which of the following is NOT an effect of glucagon secretion?

  • Lipolysis
  • Ketogenesis
  • Glycogenesis
  • Glycogenolysis
A

Glycogenesis

59
Q 
What are the carrier proteins for glucose diffusion into cells?
insulin 
GLUT4
GLUT2
Glucagon
A

GLUT4

60
Q

Pineal gland production of melatonin is stimulated by the ___ of the hypothalamus

  • supraoptic nuclei
  • paraventricular nuclei
  • suprachiasmatic nucelus
  • none
A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

61
Q

Cycles of physiological activity that follow a 24-hour pattern are called___

  • cicradian rythme
  • biomimetic rhythms
  • psychological rythma
  • cerebral rhythms
A

circadian rhythms

62
Q 
Molecules that are produced within one tissue but regulate a different tissue of the same organ are called \_\_\_ regulators
autocrine
endocrine
paracrine
exocrine
A

paracrine

63
Q 
The regulators which mediate the function of the cells in which they are synthesized from are called
autocrine regulators 
endocrine regulator
paracrine regulators
exocrine regulators
A

autocrine regulators

64
Q

Those hormones that are non polar can pass through the plasma membrane and are called
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
lipophilic
both hydrophobic and lipophilic are correct

A

both hydrophobic and lipophilic are correct

65
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about a chemical functioning in physiological regulation?

  • There must be a mechanism to turn off the chemical’s action
  • The chemicals must be secreted by endocrine glands
  • Target cell must have specific receptor molecules for the chemical
  • The combination of the chemical and its receptor must cause specific changes to occur in the target cell
A

The chemical must be secreted by endocrine glands

66
Q

Which of the following is NOT a second messenger system activated by lipophobic hormones?

  • 9-cis-retinoic acid
  • Tyrosine kinase
  • Adenylate cyclase
  • Phospholipase C
A

9-cis-retinoic acid

physiology (9 decks)

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