Module 5 Flashcards
Bile salts are used to
Breakdown fats in the fatty acids and glycerol
Major pathways of energy
-sugar enters glycolysis as glucose
-Glycerol produced by hydrolysis enters glycolysis
- Sugar converted to acetyl-CoA to enter citric acid cycle
-Fatty acids enter citric acid cycle converted to acetyl-CoA
Oxidative phosphorylation produce…
ATP
Final result of glycolysis
2 NADH
4 ADP
2 pyruvate
ATP
One way cells can make ATP out of
ADP
What is usually the activator?
AMP
What is usually the inhibitor?
Citrate, ATP, acetyl coa
Major fermentation pathways
Lactate and alcohol fermentation
Peru turns into
Ethanal
Alcohol dehydrogenase reduces ethanal to
NADH
Glyconeogenesis makes
Makes glucose from non-carbohydrate materials
* occurs in the liver*
Three non-reversible steps of glycolysis
- pyruvate—-> phosphoenolpyruvate
- Fructose 1,6-biphosphate—> fructose-6- phosphate
- Glucose-6-phosphate—> glucose
Step three of glycolysis
Catalyzed: phosphofructokinase
Stimulated by: high AMP, ADP, PI
Inhibited by: high ATP
Cori cycle
Lactate from skeletal muscle is transferred to liver, pyruvate converted to glucose and then return to muscle
Steps for glucogenolysis
- Glycogen phosphor lace catalyzes the removal of glucose.
- De branching enzyme, catalyzes the removal of glucose.
- Phosphoglucomutase converts glucose to glucose six phosphate.
What stimulates glycogenesis
Insulin
The highly folded membranes of mitochondria are called
Cristae
The space between the outer and inner membrane of mitochondria
Matrix space
-matrix space consist of enzymes
Citric acid cycle
Final stage of breakdown of nutrients
-As little group is oxidized to CO2 and transferred to NAD and FAD
Order of citric acid cycle
Citrate, esocitrate, ketoglutarate, succinyl coa, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxidation
If ATP, NADH, acetyl coa are high, that means
ATP will be inhibited
Products of pyruvate dehydrogenase
Three carboxylic acids
Three ATP
Two NADH
Electron transport system
NADH provides 3 ATP molecules
ADH2 PROVIDES 2 ATP MOLECULES
Steps to get ATP from glucose
Glycolysis, 2 pyruvate to 2 acetyl-coa, citric acid cycle—> ATP
Citric acid cycle functions as
-catabolism: breakdown in harvest
-anabolism: biosynthesis
-amphibolic: both C and A
Emulsification
Fat globule is broken up and coated by lecithin and by all salts
Enzymes used in B – oxidation are located in
Matrix space of mitochondria
Hi energy thio Esther bond is formed between
Coenzyme a and fatty acid
Acetyl coenzyme, and carnitine turn into
Acylcarnitine that passes through the membrane to matrix space
B – oxidation step two
Hydrogen atoms are reduced from FAD to FADH2
B – oxidation step three
H2O is added to the carbon
B – oxidation step four
NAD+ is reduced to an ADH that produces three ATP
B-oxidation step five
Two carbon units are cleaved, releasing a signal, coenzyme a, and also enzyme thiolase
Carbohydrate metabolism
Simulates glycogen synthesis, while inhibiting glycol, general lysis, and glyconeogenesis
What happens when there’s low blood glucose levels
Glucogon is secreted
