Module 4 Flashcards
Naming monosaccharides
3 carbons: triose
4 carbons : tetrose
5 carbons: Pentrose
6 carbons: hexose
Aldose
R-C=O- H
Ketose
O
II
R-C-R
Stereoisomers
Different spatial arrangement of atoms
Entantiomers
Mirror image of each other
Are D and L glyceraldehydes entantiomers
Yes
5 carbon monosacch that an aldehyde what’s the name?
Aldopentose
D isomer of -OH
On the right side
L isomer of -OH
On the left side
Optical activity
Interaction with polarized light
-also distinguishes isomer
Rotate of isomers
One enantiomer rotates clockwise (dextrorotatory) the other rotates counter clockwise (levorotory)
Diastereomers
Two or more chiral centers, and that are not an enantiomer
Anomers
Alpha and beta isomers
Alpha
OH at bottom
Beta
OH at top
What does galactose turn into
Glucose
Benedict’s reagent
Red brick precipitate
- forms Cu2O
Which is not a reducing sugar
Only sucrose
Glycosidic bond
Anomeric OH reacting with another OH on an alcohol or sugar
Homopolysaccarides
One type of monosaccharide
Hereropolysaccharides
Two or more different monosaccharides
Amylose
1,4 links being linear
Amylopectin
1,6 links are branched
Glycogen
Major glucose storage carbohydrate in animals is glycogen
Where is glycogen stored?
Liver and muscle cells
Cellulose
In plants
Which is the simplest amino acid
Glycine
Which of the following describes the function of the enzyme cyst trans isomerase?
It breaks in reforms, a double bond to change the arrangement of the groups around a double bond
What is a nucleoside?
A monosaccharide and a base
Each individual tRNA contains….
An anticodon of three nucleotides that is complementary to the codon in mRNA and identifies individual amino acids
What does it mean when phosphoacylglycerol interact with water and other lipids?
They contain both a hydrophobic region as well as a hydrophilic region
Which is a hydrolyzable, lipid
A triacylglycerol
What is a zymogen?
Inactive precursor of an enzyme
Well, best describes what happens to a protein when it’s denatured
Secondary tertiary and quaternary levels of structure are disrupted
To which class of enzymes does an enzyme belong if it catalyzes the rearrangement of functional groups within a molecule?
Isomerases
Which of the following is not a class of enzymes?
Carnases
How many hydrogen bonds were between a G – C base pair in a DNA double helix
Three
Which organ is the main site of gluconeogenesis?
Liver
How many molecules of ATP are produced by oxidative phosphorylation for each molecule of NADH produced in the citric acid cycle?
Three
Where in the body does the degradation of amino acids occur?
Liver
What alternative name of the citric acid cycle is used in honor of the scientist who first proposed the steps of the cycle?
Krebs cycle
What is an acetyl group?
O
II
Ch3–C—
What is the source of energy for the synthesis of ATP in oxidative phosphorelation?
Hydrogen flowing through ATP synthase
What type of bond in acetyl coA links the acetyl group to the rest of the molecule?
Thioester
Which of the following processes is inhibited by insulin?
Glycogenolysis
What compound serves as the certain material for biosynthesis of fatty acids
Acetyl CoA
Which enzyme in the mitochondria is responsible for phosphorylation of ADP
ATP synthase
What is the term for the region of a mitochondrion that is enclosed by the inner membrane?
Matrix space
Bile salts act as which of the following
Amino acids
Saturated fats have what bond
No double bond
Like butter
Unsaturated fats have what bond
Double bond
Like oil (healthier)
What do double bonds do to melting temperature
Lower the melting temperature
As the melting point increases the
The carbon number will increase the melting point
What fatty acid has a higher melting point
Saturated fats
The higher the molar mass is, the
Higher the melting point is
Essential fatty acids are
Obtain through food that can’t be synthesized by the body
What is an eicosanoid precursor?
Arachidonic acid
What inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
Aspirin
Then enzyme is cyclooxygenase
What are glycerides?
Lipid Esters
Also for glycerol: ester with fatty acid
Monoglycerides
Fatty acid chain with one alcohol group on the glycerol
Triglycerides
Fatty acid chain at each alcohol group(3) of the glycerol
Hydrogenation
Saturates the double bonds
-Adding hydrogen
Saponification
Produces fatty acid salts, and glycerol
Glyceride hydrolysis
Fatty acids that are produced from esters
What are the products of a saponification reaction?
Salts Na+ and alcohol -OH
What does the term Hardwater mean?
Hard water is used with soaps that contain high concentrations of calcium and magnesium
-form precipitate
Phospholipids
A lipid (glycerol, fatty acid, phosphoric acid) containing phosphorus
Phosphoglyceric properties
Contain hydrophobic (fatty acid tails) and hydrophilic domains (phosphorus)
Steroids
Four fused rings
Endocytosis
To eat or take in the cell
