Module 4 Continued.. Flashcards
Proteins form
Amino acids that contain amine and an acid
Amino acids structure
-NH3+ group
-COO- group
N & C terminals
N-terminal: NH3+
C-terminal: COO-
Primary structure of proteins
Amino acid sequence of a poly peptide chain
Secondary structure proteins
A coiled helix is formed or a pleaded sheet
Tertiary structure of proteins
A folded three dimensional shape
What can cystine form?
Disulfide bridges
S—S
Interactions within tertiary structure
- Disulfide bridge
- Salt bridge
- Hydrogen bond
- hydrophobic interaction
Quaternary structure proteins
Several globular peptides that are arranged to formula larger protein
-* two or more polypeptide chains and have disulfide bridges*
How much proteins are in blood plasma?
60 to 80 g/L
What does denaturization do to a protein?
Unfolds the protein
Hydrolysis a proteins definition
Breaking down into smaller peptides or amino acids
How does temperature affect proteins?
As temperature goes up, the movement of proteins increases
How does pH affect proteins?
Interferes with the salt, bridges and hydrogen bonds, which can change the charge of the protein
Transferases means
Transfer a group from one molecule to another
Hydrolasis definition
Cleave bonds by adding water
Lyases definition
Catalyze removal of groups to form double bonds
Isomerases definition
Catalyze intermolecular rearrangements
Ligases definition
Catalyze a reaction in which carbon bonds are made or broken
The effect of enzymes of a reaction
Enzyme speed of reaction by lowering the activation, energy energy
Definition of active site
The binding site
Lock and key model of an enzyme
Enzyme is the lock and the substrate is the key. The active site is where they bind together.
Coenzyme definition
Another enzyme that helps spine, the first enzyme in the substrate
What is the optimum pH?
7.3–7.4
What is the optimum pH?
7.3–7.4
What happens when the pH is at an extreme range?
The enzyme will be denatured, and it will destroy the catalytic ability
What effect does temperature have on a reaction?
As the temperature go was up, the reaction rate increases
(But it can’t be too high because it’ll denatured enzyme)
Feedback inhibition
A product late in a series of a reaction that is used as an inhibitor for the previous enzyme in the serious
Pro enzyme
Inactive form of enzyme
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
-Without oxygen
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
What does a nucleotide consist of?
Nitrogen, five carbon sugaring, and a phosphoryl group
What do nucleosides consist of?
A nitrogen base and a sugar carbon ring
-* no phosphate group**
What type of bond does a nucleotide have?
A Phospho ester bond
Adenosine in RNA
Attached to carbon one of ribose
What is the backbone of DNA and RNA?
Phosphate
Which structure has a double helix?
DNA
How many bonds are between adenine and thymine?
Two hydrogen bonds
How many bonds are between cytosine and guanine?
Three hydrogen bonds
RNA structure
A single strand
-the Uracil replaces thymine
Bass pairing
DNA:
- G-C
-T-A
RNA:
-G-C
-U-A
What type of strand is our DNA molecule have
A parent strand turns into a daughter strand
When nucleotides are added to the daughter strand, it’s called
Replication fork
A 5’—3’ direction turns into
3’—5’ direction
Central dogma definition
Leads DNA to RNA to protein
Transcription
DNA synthesizes into RNA molecule
Translation
RNA turned into a protein
-uses: rRNA and proteins
Stages of transcription
Initiation—> elongation—> termination
Codon and anti-codon
Codon: mRNA
Anticodon : tRNA
Mutation classifications
-Point: substitution of a single nucleotide
-deletion: one or more nucleotides are lost
-Insertion: one or more nucleotides are added
Hybridization
Technique used to identify presence of a gene on DNA fragment
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
