Module 4.4

Question 1

DNA In prokaryotes v Eukaryotes

Answer 1

Pro
- Naked
- Circular
- No introns

Euk
- bound to proteins
- linear
- introns

Question 2

Organelles in Pro v Euk

Answer 2

Pro
- no nucleus
- no membrane bound organelles
- 70s ribosome

Euk
- nucleus
- membrane bound organelles
- 70 and 80s ribosomes

Question 3

reproduction in pro v euk

Answer 3

pro
- binary fission
- single chromosome

euk
- mitosis and meiosis
- paired chromosomes

Question 4

5 functions of mitochondria

Answer 4

generate ATP via ox phos
biffer Ca2+
Fe-S cluster biogenesis
apoptosis
immune signalling

Question 5

protein transport in bacteria

Answer 5

BAM , YiC

Question 6

protein transport in mitochondria

Answer 6

SAM , OCA1

Question 7

How many genes in mitochondrial DNA and what do they form

Answer 7

37
2 rRNA
22 tRNA
13 protein

Question 8

how do nuclear encoded proteins get to mitochondria

Answer 8

1. nuclear encoded proteins are synthesises on cytosolic ribosomes
2. precursor proteins have targeting sequences that deliver them to the mitochondria
3. at the mitochondria, translocates mediate the protein entry to organelle

Question 9

4 mitochondria translocates

Answer 9

TOM
TIM
SAM
OXA1

Question 10

what is the proteome

Answer 10

entire set of proteins that can be expressed by a. genome, cell or tissue at a given point

Question 11

what is the mitochondrial proteome

Answer 11

entire set of proteins that can be expressed by the genome targeted to the mitochondria

Question 12

glycolysis

Answer 12

glucose + 2ATP -> fructose-1,6-biphosphate + 2ADP -> 2 GA3P + 4 ADP + 2 NAD+ -> 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 4 ATP

Question 13

Krebs cycle products

Answer 13

2 ATP
6NADH
2 FADH2
4CO2

Question 14

Krebs cycle intermediate products formed

Answer 14

2 pyruvate
acetyle CoA
citrate
4C + 2CO2
Oxeloacetate

Question 15

oxidative phosphorylation products

Answer 15

32-34 ATP
10 NAD+
2FAD
6H2O

Question 16

2 processes in ox phos

Answer 16

1. electron transport chain
2. chemiosmosis

Question 17

what is mito

Answer 17

= when mitochondria fail to produce sufficient energy

Question 18

clinical presentation of mito

Answer 18

nueropathes
ischaemia
monoclinic epilepsy
myopathy
cardiomyopathy

Question 19

2 types of mito

Answer 19

primary
secondary

Question 20

primary mito

Answer 20

= mutation in gene directly linked to ETC

Question 21

secondary mito

Answer 21

= mutation in genes with an indirect function on ETC

Question 22

how do blood tests detect mito

Answer 22

detect levels of lactate and pyruvate

Question 23

how do urine tests detect mito

Answer 23

detect CSP, specific amino and organic acids

Question 24

how are genetic tests used for mito

Answer 24

= studies mitochondria and nuclear DNA

Question 25

examples of mito genetic tests

Answer 25

genomics transcripomics proteomics metabolomics

Question 26

what is homoplasmy

Answer 26

= uniformly absence of mitochondria

Question 27

what is heteroplasmy

Answer 27

= mixture of normal and abnormal mitochondria

Question 28

what is MELAS

Answer 28

mitacondrial encephalomyopathy lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes

Question 29

what causes MELAS

Answer 29

mutations in MT-TL1 gene

Question 30

'mito' cocktail

Answer 30

ubiquinone L carnitine thiamine riboflamine folic acid vitamins and minerals

Question 31

what does ubiquinone do

Answer 31

electron carrier and antioxidant

Question 32

what does L carnitine do

Answer 32

transport large folic acid

Question 33

what does thiamine do

Answer 33

PDH complex cofactor

Question 34

what does riboflamine do

Answer 34

cofactors for OXPHOS complex 1 and 2

Question 35

what does folic acid do

Answer 35

treats folic deficiency

Question 36

how does MTR help with MD

Answer 36

1. mother with disease donates egg 2. father donates sperm to 1 and 3 3. donor with healthy mita donates egg 4, nuclei from mother put in donor egg