Module 2

Question 1

evolution

Answer 1

= cumulative change in a population over time

Question 2

natural selection

Answer 2

= phenotypic differences in a population cause some to survive and produce more than others

Question 3

adaptation

Answer 3

= inherited trait that allows an individual to out compete other members

Question 4

what influences natural selection

Answer 4

competition
selection
environment

Question 5

what causes adaptations

Answer 5

environmental changes
some individuals have advantageous traits
species survive long enough to adapt
DNA variant need to be passed down to offspring

Question 6

macroevolution

Answer 6

changes that occur among a large taxonomic group
changes to the allele frequency

Question 7

microevolution

Answer 7

agents of change traits that shape the genome of a species

Question 8

allele

Answer 8

alternative forms of a DNA sequence

Question 9

genotype

Answer 9

genetic makeup of a individual or cell

Question 10

phenotype

Answer 10

physical or physiological character of an individual

Question 11

5 agents of change

Answer 11

natural selection
mutation
sexual reproduction
genetic drift
gene flow

Question 12

mutation

Answer 12

unpredictable change in DNA that causes genetic variation

Question 13

genetic drift

Answer 13

change in allele frequency based on chance

Question 14

gene flow

Answer 14

migration, movement and hybridisation

Question 15

population

Answer 15

group of organisms that interact and share genetic information

Question 16

gene pool

Answer 16

genetic info carried by population

Question 17

interact

Answer 17

same place and time

Question 18

share genetic info

Answer 18

interbreed to produce fertile and viable offspring

Question 19

polygenic

Answer 19

traits that are complex and controlled by many genes

Question 20

genetic variation

Answer 20

when differences exist between individuals in a population

Question 21

monogenic

Answer 21

single gene produces a phenotype

Question 22

HW theory equation

Answer 22

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1.0

Question 23

when does allele frequency remain unchanged

Answer 23

no migration
no mutation
equal fitness
infinite population size
random mating

Question 24

variation

Answer 24

differ in appearance, behaviour or physiology

Question 25

hereditary

Answer 25

offspring must resemble parent more than unrelated individual

Question 26

selection

Answer 26

some individuals are more successful reproducing in environments

Question 27

4 types of selection

Answer 27

directional stabilising disruptive artificial

Question 28

directional selection

Answer 28

favours individuals on one end of the distribution

Question 29

stabilising distribution

Answer 29

favours individuals at either middle of the distribution

Question 30

disruptive selection

Answer 30

favours individuals at one end of the distribution

Question 31

artificial selection

Answer 31

breeders non randomly choose individuals with favourable traits to reproduce

Question 32

4 types of mutations

Answer 32

induced spontaneous gremlin somtatic

Question 33

induced mutation

Answer 33

mutations occur after chemical and radiations

Question 34

spontaneous mutations

Answer 34

arise due to replication errors

Question 35

germline mutations

Answer 35

affected gametes can be inherited

Question 36

somatic mutations

Answer 36

affects all daughter cells not inherited

Question 37

3 examples of small mutations

Answer 37

substation indel frameshift

Question 38

3 examples of large mutations

Answer 38

DNA copied or flipped chromosomes joined or gained/lost genomes are duplicated

Question 39

mutations in regulatory region

Answer 39

may effect expression can effect mRNA abundance

Question 40

mutation in coding regions

Answer 40

may effect function functionally the same large or small functional difference

Question 41

4 modes of sexual reproduction

Answer 41

recombination via mitosis sperm + egg novel offspring change in allelic composition

Question 42

adv of sexual reproduction

Answer 42

combining beneficial alleles generation of novel genotypes faster evolution clearance or deletion mutations

Question 43

random mating

Answer 43

equal probability that mating will occur between any 2 individuals

Question 44

2 types of non random mating

Answer 44

non-associative associative

Question 45

associative mating

Answer 45

mate with individuals that share alleles

Question 46

dissociative mating

Answer 46

mate with individuals who do not share any alleles

Question 47

gene flow

Answer 47

transfer of genetic information bw populations

Question 48

what impacts gene pool

Answer 48

level of migration, movement and hybridisation level of allelic differences is high

Question 49

speciation

Answer 49

evolutionary process by which new species arise through reproductive isolation

Question 50

Pre-mating reproductive barriers

Answer 50

geographic isolation behavioural

Question 51

pre-zygotic reporductive barriers

Answer 51

timing can prevent the sperm from fertilising the egg

Question 52

post-zygotic reproductive barriers

Answer 52

an aspect of the genetics, behaviour , physiology or ecology of a species that prevents hybrid zygotes developing and reproducing

Question 53

hybridisation

Answer 53

= interbreeding of individuals from genetically distinct populations or closely related species to produce viable offspring

Question 54

adaptive introgression

Answer 54

inheritance of beneficial variation from related species that accelerate adaptation to and survival in new environments

Question 55

molecular genetics

Answer 55

studying DNA sequences encoding specific genes to understand function

Question 56

genomics

Answer 56

study of the DNA sequences of all the organisms genes

Question 57

selective sweep

Answer 57

rapid increase in the frequency of a favourable allele before recomination disrupts the region of DNA

Question 58

phylogenetics

Answer 58

study of evolutionary relationships among biological organisms

Question 59

phylogeographics

Answer 59

evolutionary history through fossils at a landscape level

Question 60

cladogram

Answer 60

analysis of relatedness of nucleic acid sequences to create a tree of relatedness