Module 4.3 Bone Formation & Pathophysiology

Question 1

Ossification

Answer 1

Cartilage models converted to bones

Question 2

Endochondral Ossification

Answer 2

Ossification of long bones from hyaline cartilage

1) primary ossification center of bone
2) once cartilage cells begin to die, blood vessels start to penetrate the bone to delivery osteoblasts (forming medullary cavity)
3) secondary centers form at ends of bones

Question 3

Growth plate

Answer 3

a cartilaginous disk remains between ossification center & each secondary center which can increase in length

• rate of growth controlled by hormones (growth & sex hormones)
• during puberty disks become completely ossified and bone stops growing, individual attains full adult height when this occurs

Question 4

Intermembraneous Ossification

Answer 4

Formations of flat bones from connective tissue

1) begins w/mesenchymal cells *differentiating into osteoblasts at specific points w/connective tissue of embryo
2) osteoblasts begin to secrete bone tissue
3) once enough bone tissue secreted, osteoblasts develop into osteocytes

Question 5

Closed (simple) fractures

Answer 5

Occur when bone breaks but remains within skin

Question 6

Open (compound) fracture

Answer 6

Occurs when bone breaks, but part of shaft breaks out of skin

Question 7

Greenstick Fracture

Answer 7

Occurs when bone bends and breaks, but not all the way across

*most common in children bc bone tissue is still developing and soft

Question 8

Comminuted Fracture

Answer 8

• happens when bone is broken in 2 or more segments

- typically repaired surgically

Question 9

Impacted Fracture

Answer 9

Occurs when one end of broken bone shaft is pushed inside the other part of bone

Question 10

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 10

Synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens

• degenerative changes take place that make joint almost immovable & painful time use
• synovial joints subject to arthritis

Question 11

Osteoarthritis aka old age arthritis

Answer 11

• articular cartilage at ends of bones disintegrates
• 2 bones of joint become rough and irregular so that becomes painful to move joint

*type of arthritis is apt to affect the joints that receive greatest use over years

Question 12

Osteoporosis

Answer 12

Bone tissue disease

• when bone degenerates faster than it’s replaced, bones become weak
• brittle bones cause increased pain, more likely to fracture