Intro/Neurons/Neuroglial Cells

Question 1

Central Nervous System

Answer 1

Brain and spinal cord

lie in midline of body

Question 2

Nuclei

Answer 2

collection of cell bodies in CNS

Question 3

tracts

Answer 3

collection of nerve axons in CNS

Question 4

peripheral nervous system

Answer 4

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

includes all nerves not in the brain or spinal cord

Question 5

brainstem

Answer 5

midbrain, pons, and medulla

Question 6

Cranial nerves

Answer 6

project from the brainstem

generally innervate the face, head, and neck

Question 7

spinal nerves

Answer 7

project from either side of the spinal cord

innervate the rest of the body, including the trunk and extremities

Question 8

ganglia

Answer 8

cell bodies inside the peripheral nervous system

part of a single nerve

Question 9

nerves

Answer 9

collection of nerve axons in the peripheral nervous system

Question 10

a sensory (or afferent division) and motor (or efferent division)

Answer 10

peripheral nervous system receives impulses from the sensory organs via the afferent division, and then relays signals or impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands via the motor or efferent division

Question 11

somatic nervous system -efferent

Answer 11

generally under conscious (voluntary) control

IE: movements of skeletal muscles, skin, and joints

Question 12

autonomic nervous system (ANS)- efferent

Answer 12

control the glands and smooth muscles of the internal organs

not under conscious control

Question 13

sympathetic nervous system- autonomic

Answer 13

activates and prepares the body for vigorous muscular activity, stress, and emergencies

Question 14

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 14

generally operates during normal situations, permits digestion, and conserves energy

Question 15

Neurons

Answer 15

nerve cells that conduct electrical impulses and relay information throughout the body

Question 16

Parts of Neuron

Answer 16

dendrites, cell body, and axon

Question 17

Neuron facts

Answer 17

do not undergo mitosis (cell division)

can survive a person’s entire lifetime, which is why brain and spinal cord damage is so serious

Any neurons that die due to brain damage cannot be replaced.

can survive just minutes without oxygen.

Question 18

neuron cell body

Answer 18

synthesizes all nerve cell products

consists of a large nucleus with surrounding cytoplasm containing the normal organelles

Information is received and sent in the same direction within a neuron

Question 19

dendrites

Answer 19

receiving end of a neuron

numerous short extensions that emanate from the cell body, which receive information from other neurons and conduct those nerve impulses toward the cell body

Question 20

axon

Answer 20

conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to its axon terminals

Question 21

axon facts

Answer 21

can vary in length, being very short or very long, up to three feet

composed of cell components like the cell body but lack rough endoplasmic reticulum

depends upon the neuron’s cell body to send the necessary proteins down the length of the axon

Question 22

Cell body facts (neuron)

Answer 22

contains the nucleus and other organelles typically found in cells, except for centrioles, which are not capable of mitosis.

One of the main functions of the cell body is to manufacture neurotransmitters

Question 23

Neurotransmitters

Answer 23

chemicals stored inside secretory vesicles (axon terminal vesicles) at the end of the axon terminals

When neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal vesicles, they carry the transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another

Question 24

synapse

Answer 24

gap between two neurons, as neurons do not physically touch one another

Question 25

presynaptic/postsynaptic

Answer 25

means before the synapse/after the synapse

Question 26

Multipolar neurons

Answer 26

three or more extensions from the cell body neurons have one axon and many dendrites Can be called motor neurons

Question 27

Bipolar neurons

Answer 27

central cell body with two extensions found within the body as special receptor cells in the visual and olfactory systems

Question 28

Unipolar neurons (pseudounipolar)

Answer 28

have one extension off the cell body that branches into two: one central process running to the CNS and another peripheral process running to the sensory receptor sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

Question 29

Sensory neurons (afferent)-neuron type

Answer 29

unipolar and function to carry information from the peripheral to the central nervous system

Question 30

Interneurons- def and neuron type

Answer 30

association neurons, are found only in the central nervous system typically multipolar neurons and transmit impulses within different parts of the central nervous system

Question 31

Motor neurons (efferent)- neuron type

Answer 31

multipolar neurons, which send messages from the central nervous system to the peripheral

Question 32

nerve

Answer 32

consists of hundreds of thousands of axons wrapped together in a connective tissue

Question 33

Neuroglial cells

Answer 33

support cells for neurons Neurons require highly specific environment to survive and conduct electrical impulses efficiently. Neuroglial cells help to support neurons to enable them to thrive in their needed environment.

Question 34

Schwann cells

Answer 34

short sections peripheral nerve axon is coated in type of neuroglial cell found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and composed of a white fatty layer called the myelin sheath also unmyelinated fibers, which are common in the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord, in which the Schwann cells do not wrap around the axon but are just loosely associated with the axon

Question 35

myelin sheath

Answer 35

rolled around the axon, insulating the nerve fiber from others and increasing the speed of nerve impulses

Question 36

Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 36

gaps between Schwann cells

Question 37

saltatory conduction

Answer 37

nerve impulse is forced to jump to the next node greatly increases the nerve impulse transmission along the axon

Question 38

Satellite cells

Answer 38

surround the cell bodies of peripheral neurons, helping to regulate the cell body environment

Question 39

Axonal Regeneration

Answer 39

process where peripheral nerve axon is severed in an injury, the Schwann cells grow ahead of the axon, creating a path for the axon to follow as it grows. It is possible in many cases for axons to regrow after an injury to a peripheral nerve; although, the growth is very slow

Question 40

Ependymal cells (CNS)

Answer 40

circulate cerebrospinal fluid and allow fluid exchange between brain, spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF

Question 41

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 41

clear fluid that only circulates in the brain and spinal cord

Question 42

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 42

act as the insulation for central nervous system axons

Question 43

Astrocytes

Answer 43

control the chemical environment of neurons by wrapping around the blood capillaries

Question 44

blood brain barrier

Answer 44

allowing the passage of only certain substances into the central nervous system

Question 45

Microglial cells

Answer 45

protect the CNS by scavenging dead cells and infectious microorganisms