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Anatomy & Physiciology 1 > Intro/Neurons/Neuroglial Cells > Flashcards

Intro/Neurons/Neuroglial Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

lie in midline of body

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2
Q

Nuclei

A

collection of cell bodies in CNS

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3
Q

tracts

A

collection of nerve axons in CNS

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4
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

includes all nerves not in the brain or spinal cord

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5
Q

brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla

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6
Q

Cranial nerves

A

project from the brainstem

generally innervate the face, head, and neck

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7
Q

spinal nerves

A

project from either side of the spinal cord

innervate the rest of the body, including the trunk and extremities

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8
Q

ganglia

A

cell bodies inside the peripheral nervous system

part of a single nerve

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9
Q

nerves

A

collection of nerve axons in the peripheral nervous system

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10
Q

a sensory (or afferent division) and motor (or efferent division)

A

peripheral nervous system receives impulses from the sensory organs via the afferent division, and then relays signals or impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands via the motor or efferent division

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11
Q

somatic nervous system -efferent

A

generally under conscious (voluntary) control

IE: movements of skeletal muscles, skin, and joints

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12
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)- efferent

A

control the glands and smooth muscles of the internal organs

not under conscious control

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13
Q

sympathetic nervous system- autonomic

A

activates and prepares the body for vigorous muscular activity, stress, and emergencies

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14
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

generally operates during normal situations, permits digestion, and conserves energy

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15
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells that conduct electrical impulses and relay information throughout the body

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16
Q

Parts of Neuron

A

dendrites, cell body, and axon

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17
Q

Neuron facts

A

do not undergo mitosis (cell division)

can survive a person’s entire lifetime, which is why brain and spinal cord damage is so serious

Any neurons that die due to brain damage cannot be replaced.

can survive just minutes without oxygen.

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18
Q

neuron cell body

A

synthesizes all nerve cell products

consists of a large nucleus with surrounding cytoplasm containing the normal organelles

Information is received and sent in the same direction within a neuron

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19
Q

dendrites

A

receiving end of a neuron

numerous short extensions that emanate from the cell body, which receive information from other neurons and conduct those nerve impulses toward the cell body

20
Q

axon

A

conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to its axon terminals

21
Q

axon facts

A

can vary in length, being very short or very long, up to three feet

composed of cell components like the cell body but lack rough endoplasmic reticulum

depends upon the neuron’s cell body to send the necessary proteins down the length of the axon

22
Q

Cell body facts (neuron)

A

contains the nucleus and other organelles typically found in cells, except for centrioles, which are not capable of mitosis.

One of the main functions of the cell body is to manufacture neurotransmitters

23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemicals stored inside secretory vesicles (axon terminal vesicles) at the end of the axon terminals

When neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal vesicles, they carry the transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another

24
Q

synapse

A

gap between two neurons, as neurons do not physically touch one another

25
Q

presynaptic/postsynaptic

A

means before the synapse/after the synapse

26
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

three or more extensions from the cell body

neurons have one axon and many dendrites

Can be called motor neurons

27
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

central cell body with two extensions

found within the body as special receptor cells in the visual and olfactory systems

28
Q

Unipolar neurons (pseudounipolar)

A

have one extension off the cell body that branches into two: one central process running to the CNS and another peripheral process running to the sensory receptor

sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

29
Q

Sensory neurons (afferent)-neuron type

A

unipolar and function to carry information from the peripheral to the central nervous system

30
Q

Interneurons- def and neuron type

A

association neurons, are found only in the central nervous system

typically multipolar neurons and transmit impulses within different parts of the central nervous system

31
Q

Motor neurons (efferent)- neuron type

A

multipolar neurons, which send messages from the central nervous system to the peripheral

32
Q

nerve

A

consists of hundreds of thousands of axons wrapped together in a connective tissue

33
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

support cells for neurons

Neurons require highly specific environment to survive and conduct electrical impulses efficiently. Neuroglial cells help to support neurons to enable them to thrive in their needed environment.

34
Q

Schwann cells

A

short sections peripheral nerve axon is coated in

type of neuroglial cell found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and composed of a white fatty layer called the myelin sheath

also unmyelinated fibers, which are common in the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord, in which the Schwann cells do not wrap around the axon but are just loosely associated with the axon

35
Q

myelin sheath

A

rolled around the axon, insulating the nerve fiber from others and increasing the speed of nerve impulses

36
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps between Schwann cells

37
Q

saltatory conduction

A

nerve impulse is forced to jump to the next node

greatly increases the nerve impulse transmission along the axon

38
Q

Satellite cells

A

surround the cell bodies of peripheral neurons, helping to regulate the cell body environment

39
Q

Axonal Regeneration

A

process where peripheral nerve axon is severed in an injury, the Schwann cells grow ahead of the axon, creating a path for the axon to follow as it grows. It is possible in many cases for axons to regrow after an injury to a peripheral nerve; although, the growth is very slow

40
Q

Ependymal cells (CNS)

A

circulate cerebrospinal fluid and allow fluid exchange between brain, spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF

41
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

clear fluid that only circulates in the brain and spinal cord

42
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

act as the insulation for central nervous system axons

43
Q

Astrocytes

A

control the chemical environment of neurons by wrapping around the blood capillaries

44
Q

blood brain barrier

A

allowing the passage of only certain substances into the central nervous system

45
Q

Microglial cells

A

protect the CNS by scavenging dead cells and infectious microorganisms

Anatomy & Physiciology 1 (28 decks)

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