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Anatomy & Physiciology 1 > Brain- Nervous System > Flashcards

Brain- Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Brain

A

cerebrum, brainstem, diencephalon, and the cerebellum

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2
Q

Ventricles

A

cavities within the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

The ventricles include the two lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle

fourth ventricle drains into the central canal of the spinal cord, which also contains CSF

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3
Q

meninges

A

three layers of connective tissue membranes that cover and protect central nervous system organs and enclose cerebrospinal fluid

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4
Q

dura mater

A

leathery double-layered outer meninx

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5
Q

subdural space

A

between dura mater and arachnoid

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6
Q

arachnoid meninx

A

middle loose layer

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7
Q

subarachnoidspace

A

Beneath the arachnoid meninx contains blood vessels and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

piamater

A

thin connective tissue tightly attached to the brain

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9
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)

A

special fluid formed in the walls of the ventricles from blood plasma by permeating through thechoroid plexus

circulates through the ventricles and into the meninges

It cushions the brain and spinal cord by providing buoyancy, allowing the brain to float.

Once formed, the CSF circulates through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space, bathing the brain in fluid

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10
Q

choroid plexus

A

formed from a network of blood vessels within the ventricles

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11
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

diffusion barrier that prevents most particles from entering the central nervous system tissue, keeping the brain and spinal cord separate from general blood circulation

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12
Q

astrocytes

A

blood-brain barrier is formed by the relatively impermeable brain capillaries, due to the glial cells

Maintenance of the blood-brain-barrier is important to provide a stable chemical environment for the nervous system. A stable internal environment is important to protect neurons from chemical variations that could cause uncontrollable firing of neurons

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13
Q

cerebrum

A

foremost part of the brain, is the largest part of the brain in humans comprising about 83% of total brain mass

two large masses called the left and rightcerebral hemispheres

left cerebral hemispherecontrols the right side of the body, and theright cerebral hemispherecontrols the left side of the body

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14
Q

median longitudinal fissure

A

separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres from one another

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15
Q

gyri

A

raised ridges of tissue that mark cerebral cortex

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16
Q

sulci

A

shallow grooves that separate gyri

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17
Q

fissures

A

deeper grooves that separate large regions of the brain

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18
Q

transversefissure

A

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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19
Q

corpus callosum

A

bridge of white nerve fibers that connect cerebral hemispheres

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20
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer portion of the cerebral hemispheres

highly convoluted and gray in color

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21
Q

frontal lobe

A

higher level executive functions, such as reasoning and decision making

also controls motor functions and permits control over voluntary muscle actions

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22
Q

parietal lobe

A

receives sensory information from receptors in the mouth for taste and located in the skin, such as those for touch, pressure, and pain

receives sensory information from the same parts of the body in theprimary sensory cortex

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23
Q

occipital lobe

A

interprets visual input

24
Q

temporal lobe

A

sensory areas for hearing and smelling

25
Q

Primary areas

A

each lobe receiveor send information for one type of sensory or motor information

26
Q

Associationareas

A

act mainly to integrate more than one type of sensory information for purposeful action. For example, a portion of the frontal lobe is called the primary motor cortex

27
Q

primary motor cortex
aka
precentral gyrusor thesomatomotor cortex

A

controls voluntary motor movements for all parts of the body

parietal lobe receives sensory information from the same parts of the body in theprimary sensory cortex

28
Q

association area

A

Each of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex contains one

receives information from the other lobes and integrates it into higher, more complex levels of consciousness

29
Q

Broca’s area (association example)

A

located in the frontal lobe, is responsible for speechproduction

30
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

located in the temporal lobe, is responsible for speechcomprehension

31
Q

brainstem

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

32
Q

medulla oblongata

A

lies between the spinal cord and pons and is anterior to the cerebellum

contains several vital centers for regulating heartbeat, breathing, and vasoconstriction

also contains the reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, and swallowing

contains tracts that ascend or descend between the spinal cord and brain’s higher centers

33
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

constriction of the blood vessels involved in the regulation of blood pressure

34
Q

pons

A

contains bundles of axons traveling between the cerebellum and the rest of the central nervous system

functions with the medulla to regulate the breathing rate and has reflex centers concerned with head movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli

35
Q

midbrain

A

acts as a relay station for tracts passing between the cerebrum and spinal cord or cerebellum

also has reflex centers for higher-level reflexes involving visual, auditory, and tactile responses

36
Q

superiorandinferior colliculi

A

located on the posterior portion of the midbrain

regions of the midbrain control reflexes for the head and neck in response to a sudden visual or auditory stimulus

37
Q

diencephalon

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus collectively

38
Q

hypothalamus

A

forming the floor of the third ventricle, maintains homeostasis, or the constancy of the internal environment

contains centers for regulating basic body functions, such as hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, water balance, and blood pressure

controls thepituitary gland-which regulates body hormones of theendocrine system, which controls the body’s hormonal production

hypothalamus serves as a link between the nervous and endocrine systems

39
Q

thalamus

A

roof of the third ventricle, is the last portion of the brain for sensory input before the cerebrum

serves as a central relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward from other parts of the body and the brain to the cerebrum

receives all sensory impulses (except those associated with the sense of smell), filters out unimportant sensory information, and directs it to the appropriate regions of the cerebrum for interpretation

40
Q

epithalamus

A

forms the roof of the third ventricle

mostly composed of thepineal gland

pineal gland which secretesmelatonin, a hormone that controls the wake-sleep cycle

41
Q

cerebellum

A

located inferiorly and posteriorly to the brain, is convoluted and divided into two hemispheres with deep fissures subdividing it into three lobes

Because of its appearance, it is often called the “mini-brain.”

has the gray matter and white matter reversed from the spinal cord. It is composed of a thinoutercortex of gray matter andinternalwhite matter

works to coordinate body movements by relaying information to the cerebral motor cortex

involved with maintaining balance, controlling certain eye movements, maintaining normal muscle tone, and maintaining posture

42
Q

Muscle tone

A

degree at which muscles remain partially contracted while at rest

continuously monitored and maintained by the cerebellum to keep bones and joints in place

43
Q

anteriorlobesandposterior lobes (cerebellum)

A

receive information from the body trunk and influence the motor activities of the trunk, shoulder, and pectoral girdle muscles

44
Q

vermis

A

intermediate portion

coordinates limb movements

45
Q

cerebellar peduncles andflocculonodular lobes

A

located on the anterior portion of the cerebellum

cerebellar pedunclesserve to connect the cerebellum to the other parts of the brain

46
Q

limbic system

A

involves portions of both the unconscious and conscious brain

lies just beneath the cerebral cortex and contains neural pathways that connect portions of the frontal lobes, temporal lobes, thalamus, and hypothalamus

our “feeling brain” because stimulation of different areas of the limbic system causes rage, pain, pleasure, or sorrow

affects the emotional aspects of behavior outcomes as well as how people evaluate rewards and consequences. The limbic system is also involved in the processes of learning and memory

47
Q

cingulate gyrus

aka the limbic lobe

A

located deep to the cerebrum

serves to connect the different lobes of the cerebrum

48
Q

hippocampus

A

involved in the retrieval and storage of memories

49
Q

amygdala

A

small portion of the limbic system that is involved in emotions such as rage and anger

50
Q

fornix

A

bundle of nerve fibers that serves as a connection to the hippocampus

51
Q

mamillary bodies

A

contain fibers that project into the thalamus and assist with the memory of smell

52
Q

short-term memory example

A

ability to recall a seven-digit telephone number long enough to dial the number

53
Q

long-term memory example

A

ability to recall the events of the day

54
Q

Memory storage explained

A

Memories not stored in one specific area within the brain

instead are stored throughout the cerebral hemispheres.

hippocampus acts as a memory center to help with memory storage and retrieval

involvement of the limbic system explains why emotionally charged events result in our most vivid memories.

limbic system communicates with the all the sensory areas accounts for the ability of a sensory stimulus to awaken a complex memory

55
Q

basal nuclei
aka
basal ganglia

A

masses of gray matter that lie deep within each hemisphere of the cerebrum

also part of the limbic system

responsible for working with the cerebellum to regulate planning motor movements and motor learning

overall effect of the basal ganglia is to have an inhibitory effect on the cerebral cortex, or to slow and control precise movements

56
Q

putamen,caudate nucleus,andGlobus pallidus

medial and lateral

A

all parts of the basal ganglia

57
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

disorder of the basal ganglia

Apraxia, or difficulty with motor planning, is a symptom of Parkinson’s disease. Apraxia results in rigid movements and difficulty executing a motor plan

Anatomy & Physiciology 1 (28 decks)

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