Brain- Nervous System

Question 1

Brain

Answer 1

cerebrum, brainstem, diencephalon, and the cerebellum

Question 2

Ventricles

Answer 2

cavities within the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

The ventricles include the two lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle

fourth ventricle drains into the central canal of the spinal cord, which also contains CSF

Question 3

meninges

Answer 3

three layers of connective tissue membranes that cover and protect central nervous system organs and enclose cerebrospinal fluid

Question 4

dura mater

Answer 4

leathery double-layered outer meninx

Question 5

subdural space

Answer 5

between dura mater and arachnoid

Question 6

arachnoid meninx

Answer 6

middle loose layer

Question 7

subarachnoidspace

Answer 7

Beneath the arachnoid meninx contains blood vessels and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Question 8

piamater

Answer 8

thin connective tissue tightly attached to the brain

Question 9

Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)

Answer 9

special fluid formed in the walls of the ventricles from blood plasma by permeating through thechoroid plexus

circulates through the ventricles and into the meninges

It cushions the brain and spinal cord by providing buoyancy, allowing the brain to float.

Once formed, the CSF circulates through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space, bathing the brain in fluid

Question 10

choroid plexus

Answer 10

formed from a network of blood vessels within the ventricles

Question 11

blood-brain barrier

Answer 11

diffusion barrier that prevents most particles from entering the central nervous system tissue, keeping the brain and spinal cord separate from general blood circulation

Question 12

astrocytes

Answer 12

blood-brain barrier is formed by the relatively impermeable brain capillaries, due to the glial cells

Maintenance of the blood-brain-barrier is important to provide a stable chemical environment for the nervous system. A stable internal environment is important to protect neurons from chemical variations that could cause uncontrollable firing of neurons

Question 13

cerebrum

Answer 13

foremost part of the brain, is the largest part of the brain in humans comprising about 83% of total brain mass

two large masses called the left and rightcerebral hemispheres

left cerebral hemispherecontrols the right side of the body, and theright cerebral hemispherecontrols the left side of the body

Question 14

median longitudinal fissure

Answer 14

separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres from one another

Question 15

gyri

Answer 15

raised ridges of tissue that mark cerebral cortex

Question 16

sulci

Answer 16

shallow grooves that separate gyri

Question 17

fissures

Answer 17

deeper grooves that separate large regions of the brain

Question 18

transversefissure

Answer 18

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

Question 19

corpus callosum

Answer 19

bridge of white nerve fibers that connect cerebral hemispheres

Question 20

cerebral cortex

Answer 20

outer portion of the cerebral hemispheres

highly convoluted and gray in color

Question 21

frontal lobe

Answer 21

higher level executive functions, such as reasoning and decision making

also controls motor functions and permits control over voluntary muscle actions

Question 22

parietal lobe

Answer 22

receives sensory information from receptors in the mouth for taste and located in the skin, such as those for touch, pressure, and pain

receives sensory information from the same parts of the body in theprimary sensory cortex

Question 23

occipital lobe

Answer 23

interprets visual input

Question 24

temporal lobe

Answer 24

sensory areas for hearing and smelling

Question 25

Primary areas

Answer 25

each lobe receive or send information for one type of sensory or motor information

Question 26

Association areas

Answer 26

act mainly to integrate more than one type of sensory information for purposeful action. For example, a portion of the frontal lobe is called the primary motor cortex

Question 27

primary motor cortex aka precentral gyrus or the somatomotor cortex

Answer 27

controls voluntary motor movements for all parts of the body parietal lobe receives sensory information from the same parts of the body in the primary sensory cortex

Question 28

association area

Answer 28

Each of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex contains one receives information from the other lobes and integrates it into higher, more complex levels of consciousness

Question 29

Broca’s area (association example)

Answer 29

located in the frontal lobe, is responsible for speech production

Question 30

Wernicke’s area

Answer 30

located in the temporal lobe, is responsible for speech comprehension

Question 31

brainstem

Answer 31

medulla, pons, midbrain

Question 32

 medulla oblongata

Answer 32

lies between the spinal cord and pons and is anterior to the cerebellum contains several vital centers for regulating heartbeat, breathing, and vasoconstriction also contains the reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, and swallowing contains tracts that ascend or descend between the spinal cord and brain's higher centers

Question 33

Vasoconstriction

Answer 33

constriction of the blood vessels involved in the regulation of blood pressure

Question 34

pons

Answer 34

contains bundles of axons traveling between the cerebellum and the rest of the central nervous system functions with the medulla to regulate the breathing rate and has reflex centers concerned with head movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli

Question 35

midbrain

Answer 35

acts as a relay station for tracts passing between the cerebrum and spinal cord or cerebellum also has reflex centers for higher-level reflexes involving visual, auditory, and tactile responses

Question 36

superior and inferior colliculi

Answer 36

located on the posterior portion of the midbrain regions of the midbrain control reflexes for the head and neck in response to a sudden visual or auditory stimulus

Question 37

diencephalon

Answer 37

hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus collectively

Question 38

hypothalamus

Answer 38

forming the floor of the third ventricle, maintains homeostasis, or the constancy of the internal environment contains centers for regulating basic body functions, such as hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, water balance, and blood pressure controls the pituitary gland -which regulates body hormones of the endocrine system, which controls the body’s hormonal production hypothalamus serves as a link between the nervous and endocrine systems

Question 39

thalamus

Answer 39

roof of the third ventricle, is the last portion of the brain for sensory input before the cerebrum serves as a central relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward from other parts of the body and the brain to the cerebrum receives all sensory impulses (except those associated with the sense of smell), filters out unimportant sensory information, and directs it to the appropriate regions of the cerebrum for interpretation

Question 40

epithalamus

Answer 40

forms the roof of the third ventricle mostly composed of the pineal gland  pineal gland which secretes melatonin, a hormone that controls the wake-sleep cycle

Question 41

cerebellum

Answer 41

located inferiorly and posteriorly to the brain, is convoluted and divided into two hemispheres with deep fissures subdividing it into three lobes Because of its appearance, it is often called the “mini-brain.” has the gray matter and white matter reversed from the spinal cord. It is composed of a thin outer cortex of gray matter and internal white matter works to coordinate body movements by relaying information to the cerebral motor cortex involved with maintaining balance, controlling certain eye movements, maintaining normal muscle tone, and maintaining posture

Question 42

Muscle tone

Answer 42

degree at which muscles remain partially contracted while at rest continuously monitored and maintained by the cerebellum to keep bones and joints in place

Question 43

anterior lobes and posterior lobes (cerebellum)

Answer 43

receive information from the body trunk and influence the motor activities of the trunk, shoulder, and pectoral girdle muscles

Question 44

vermis

Answer 44

intermediate portion | coordinates limb movements

Question 45

cerebellar peduncles and flocculonodular lobes

Answer 45

located on the anterior portion of the cerebellum cerebellar peduncles serve to connect the cerebellum to the other parts of the brain

Question 46

limbic system

Answer 46

involves portions of both the unconscious and conscious brain lies just beneath the cerebral cortex and contains neural pathways that connect portions of the frontal lobes, temporal lobes, thalamus, and hypothalamus our "feeling brain" because stimulation of different areas of the limbic system causes rage, pain, pleasure, or sorrow affects the emotional aspects of behavior outcomes as well as how people evaluate rewards and consequences. The limbic system is also involved in the processes of learning and memory

Question 47

cingulate gyrus | aka the limbic lobe

Answer 47

located deep to the cerebrum serves to connect the different lobes of the cerebrum

Question 48

hippocampus

Answer 48

involved in the retrieval and storage of memories

Question 49

amygdala

Answer 49

small portion of the limbic system that is involved in emotions such as rage and anger

Question 50

fornix

Answer 50

bundle of nerve fibers that serves as a connection to the hippocampus

Question 51

mamillary bodies

Answer 51

contain fibers that project into the thalamus and assist with the memory of smell

Question 52

short-term memory example

Answer 52

ability to recall a seven-digit telephone number long enough to dial the number

Question 53

long-term memory example

Answer 53

ability to recall the events of the day

Question 54

Memory storage explained

Answer 54

Memories not stored in one specific area within the brain instead are stored throughout the cerebral hemispheres. hippocampus acts as a memory center to help with memory storage and retrieval involvement of the limbic system explains why emotionally charged events result in our most vivid memories. limbic system communicates with the all the sensory areas accounts for the ability of a sensory stimulus to awaken a complex memory

Question 55

basal nuclei  aka basal ganglia

Answer 55

masses of gray matter that lie deep within each hemisphere of the cerebrum also part of the limbic system responsible for working with the cerebellum to regulate planning motor movements and motor learning overall effect of the basal ganglia is to have an inhibitory effect on the cerebral cortex, or to slow and control precise movements

Question 56

putamen, caudate nucleus, and Globus pallidus  | medial and lateral

Answer 56

all parts of the basal ganglia

Question 57

Parkinson's disease

Answer 57

disorder of the basal ganglia Apraxia, or difficulty with motor planning, is a symptom of Parkinson’s disease. Apraxia results in rigid movements and difficulty executing a motor plan