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BIO10011 > MODULE 4 OVERVIEW > Flashcards

MODULE 4 OVERVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Define population

A

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same location

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2
Q

Features of a population

A
  • rely on same resources
  • influenced by same environmental conditions
  • interact w/ each other & breed
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3
Q

What are the types of boundaries for a population?

A
  • natural (lake, island, gut)
  • arbitrary (natural park)
  • need to be appropriate to the organism under study & to the questions
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4
Q

What are some properties of a population?

A
  • size
  • boundary
  • distribution
  • structure (sex ratio, age structure)
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5
Q

What is size affected by (how is it dynamic)?

A
  • birth
  • death
  • immigration
  • emigration
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6
Q

Distribution patterns depend on. . .

A

the SCALE at which we are looking
- clumped
- uniform
- random

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7
Q

Define population ecology

A

the scientific study of populations in relation to their environment and how biotic & abiotic factors influence the ABUNDANCE, DISPERSION & COMPOSITION of populations

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8
Q

What are 3 applications of population ecology?

A
  • threatened species management
  • pest control
  • harvested populations
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9
Q

How do we estimate population size?

A

1) counting
2) sampling

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10
Q

What does precision in quadrat sampling depend on?

A

the NUMBER of plots

VARIABILITY in counts

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11
Q

What are the main types of marks in mark-recapture?

A
  • artificial or natural
  • genetic methods (feces / hair)
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12
Q

What are the 3 assumptions of mark-recapture?

A

1) marks are NOT lost b/w sampling sessions
2) marking does not alter the behaviour of individuals (trap-shy vs trap-happy)
3) closed population (no deaths, births, etc.)

violation of assumptions will lead to BIAS

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13
Q

Lengths of generations

A
  • several generations per year
  • one generation per year (annual)
  • one generation over several years (perennial)
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14
Q

What is an iteroparous species?

A

individuals breed multiple times

resources during breeding dedicated to FUTURE survival

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15
Q

What is semelparous species?

A

single reproductive event

no resources dedicated to future survival; reproduction followed quickly by DEATH

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16
Q

What is demography?

A

the study of the vital statistics of populations & how they CHANGE over time

  • can make a life table to summarize this info
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17
Q

What is stochasticity?

A

RANDOMNESS

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18
Q

A process if stochastic if. . .

A

it cannot be predicted accurately e.g. rolling a dice

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19
Q

Features of a deterministic process

A

NO RANDOMNESS INVOLVED

  • outcome is certain
  • exponential vs logistic model
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20
Q

What is one possible source of variation in animal populations?

A
  • environmental stochasticity
  • unpredictable fluctuations in env. conditions in SPACE + TIME
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21
Q

Demographic stochasticity becomes more important as. . .

A

population size declines

the average is very close to a DETERMINISTIC projection

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22
Q

Define migration

A

the seasonal movement of animals from one habitat to another in search of food, better conditions, or reproductive needs

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23
Q

dispersal

A

the movement from one breeding location to another (often influenced by age + sex)

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24
Q

What is natal dispersal?

A

from place of birth to 1st breeding place

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25
Q

What is breeding dispersal?

A

change of place of breeding

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26
Q

Modes of dispersal

A
  • animals (active, passive) - fly, walk, currents, floods
  • plants –> gravity, wind, water, animal
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27
Q

Dispersal has a fundamental influence on population dynamics. How?

A

1) invasive species

2) dynamics of metapopulations (contribute to local extinction, colonisation)

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28
Q

How is dispersal measured?

A

1) marking + observation
2) tracking technologies
3) intrinsic markers

29
Q

What are some trade-offs to consider when trying to measure dispersal?

A

a) impact on animals (handling + device)
b) accuracy of info
c) size of the device, its price, its data collection capacity

30
Q

Types of metapopulations

A

1) classic
2) mainland-island (source-sink)
3) non-equilibrium
4) patchy populations
5) mixtures

31
Q

What is a life history?

A

pattern of survival and reproductive events for a species

32
Q

Why do life histories look so different b/w species?

A
  • life history patterns are an ‘optimization’ of tradeoffs b/w growth, survival, and reproduction
33
Q

What are some factors to consider when studying reproductive behaviour?

A
  • fecundity
  • age of maturity
  • single vs multiple reproductive events
34
Q

What is fecundity?

A

an organism’s reproductive capacity

35
Q

Female parents w larger brood =

A

lower survival rates

36
Q

Pros of reproducing early

A

less risk of producing NO offspring at all

37
Q

Cons of reproducing early

A

may be at expense of their health + growth

using all energy to reproduce to less energy used to grow

makes them more susceptible to predators

38
Q

Pros of reproducing late

A

better fecundity + better able to care for their young

39
Q

Cons of reproducing late

A

run the risk of not surviving to reproductive age

40
Q

K selected =

A

density dependent

Logistic growth

41
Q

r selected =

A

density independent

Exponential growth

42
Q

What are features of K-selected species?

A

1) low rates of fecundity
2) high levels of parental investment in young
3) low rates of mortality of mature individuals

43
Q

What are features of r-selected species?

A

1) high rates of fecundity
2) short gestation
3) low levels of parental investment in young

44
Q

What is a parasite?

A

an organism that obtains its nutrients from a host or very few hosts, normally causing harm to the host but not necessarily causing death

45
Q

Define vector

A

an organism that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another organism

46
Q

Most parasites only have ___ host

A

ONE, or a limited number

‘host-specificty’

47
Q

What are features of microparasites?

A
  • small & often intracellular
  • multiply directly within their host
  • often extremely numerous
48
Q

What are features of macroparasites?

A
  • grow on / in but do not multiply their host
  • produce infectious stages which they release into the env to find new hosts
  • often live on the body or in body cavities instead of being INTRAcellular
49
Q

How are parasites transmitted?

A

1) DIRECT (no vectors)

2) TROPHICALLY TRANSMITTED (eaten)

3) VECTOR TRANSMISSION

50
Q

What are parasitic castrators?

A

reduce or remove their host’s reproductive ability & use the energy that would have gone into host production for parasite growth

host survives to sustain parasite

51
Q

What are micropredators?

A

attack several hosts, usually feed on blood

e.g. leeches and vampire bats

52
Q

What are parasitoids?

A

insects which eventually kill their hosts

53
Q

Parasitoids - 2 methods

A

1) sting their large prey, carry it to a nest & lay an egg on top which hatches and feeds on the prey

2) lay their eggs directly into the host - the eggs hatch and grow in the living host, eventually emerging from the host

54
Q

What kinds of strategies do parasites have?

A

Parasitic castrators

Micro-predators

Parasitoids

Brood parasites

55
Q

Brood parasites

A

use another species to raise their young (insects, cuckoos)

56
Q

To what extent are animal & plant populations affected by parasitism and disease?

A

1) pathogen virulence

2) whether the pathogen reduces host survival (death rate), reproduction (birth rate), or both

57
Q

Microparasites drive . . .

A

really abrupt & severe changes in populations

58
Q

What are epidemic diseases?

A

characterized by rapid changes in the prevalence of infection

when outbreaks occur, these pathogens cause waves of infection that can cause rapid population declines

59
Q

What are endemic infections?

A

persist for long times in populations, showing relatively little fluctuation in prevalence

60
Q

Epidemics can cause . . .

A

mass mortalities

61
Q

What happened after the black death?

A

increased resources available for those that survived

population great at a greater rater AFTER than BEFORE

62
Q

Micro- and macro-parasites that don’t kill their prey can affect (EPIDEMIC parasites can suppress populations)

A

1) birth rates

2) death rates, via increased predation

3) movement (immigration, emigration)

63
Q

What are the 2 ways that hosts evolve?

A
  • host tolerance
  • host resistance
64
Q

What is host resistance?

A

the ability of a host to reduce the probability that it is infected, reduce pathogen replication within the host, and / or increase the speed of pathogen clearance (recovery)

65
Q

What is host tolerance?

A

the ability of a host to tolerate infection with a pathogen by minimizing the damage done but without impeding replication or transmission of the pathogen

66
Q

What is the virulence-transmission trade-off hypothesis?

A

virulence is an unavoidable and increasing cost bc the parasite uses host resources to replicate

67
Q

transmission is highest when

A

virulence is intermediate

68
Q

Strategies for disease prevention & control of microparasites

A

culling –> used when transmission is thought to be density dependent
reduction of a wild animal population by selective slaughter.

Behavioural modifications including quarantine & social distancing

Vaccination – herd immunity

BIO10011 (23 decks)

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