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BIO10011 > MODULE 1 OVERVIEW > Flashcards

MODULE 1 OVERVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

a mode of reproduction involving the fusion of one haploid gamete with
another haploid gamete to create a diploid zygote

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2
Q

4 types of sexual reproduction

A

1) dioecious vs monoecious/hermaphrodites
2) internal vs external fertilization
3) oviparous vs viviparous
4) few vs many offspring

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3
Q

Polyploidy can lead to. . .

A

speciation

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4
Q

Spores help in. . .

A

dispersal
surviving unfavourable conditions
genetic diversity

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5
Q

Why did aerobic respiration evolve?

A
  • evolution of multicellularity
  • larger organism + size
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6
Q

Why isn’t fermentation considered respiration?

A

it has no electron transport chain

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7
Q

What are the 2 hypotheses for how organisms evolved?

A

1) eukaryotic host engulfed AEROBIC prokaryote
2) prokaryote host engulfed a FACULTATIVE ANAEROBIC prokaryote

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8
Q

How do bacteria and archaea respire?

A
  • obligate aerobic bacteria
  • obligate anaerobic bacteria
  • facultative anaerobic bacteria
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9
Q

What do anaerobic bacteria use instead of oxygen?

A

hydrogen sulfide + methane

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10
Q

How does aerobic respiration in fungi occur?

A
  • in soil, hyphae absorb oxygen from TINY AIR SPACES b/w soil particles
  • gases can move across thin outer wall of hyphae by absorption
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11
Q

How do plants obtain oxygen via diffusion?

A

1) stomata (leaves + stems)
2) lenticels (Stems of woody plants + some roots)

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12
Q

What are pneumatophores?

A

aerial roots in plants that are useful in anoxic or water-logged environments (Aerobic resp)

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13
Q

What are aerenchyma?

A

small air pockets in plant tissue
allow for exchange of gases from exposed parts of the plant to submerged parts

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14
Q

What are the 4 possible stages of RESPIRATION in animals?

A
  • breathing
  • gas exchange
  • circulation
  • cellular respiration
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15
Q

What are the 5 types of GAS EXCHANGE in animals?

A
  1. direct diffusion (small animals only)
  2. integumentary exchange (inv circulatory system)
  3. trachea
  4. gills
  5. lungs
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16
Q

How do insects use trachea?

A
  • trachea are system of tubes branching throughout their body to provide oxygen to ALL cells
  • opening to trachea called SPIRACES
  • can be opened or closed when needed
  • also muscle contractions help ventilate the tracheal system
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17
Q

How are gills involved in gas exchange?

A
  • found in molluscs, annelids, crustaceans, and fish
  • can be found in a cavity or externally
  • highly branched w folded thin tissue filaments
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18
Q

Lungs in amphibians

A

simple sac like

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19
Q

Lungs in reptiles

A

sac-like, sometimes subdivided

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20
Q

Mammals lungs

A

branching lungs that terminate in tiny air filled sacs (alveoli)

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21
Q

Bird lungs

A

parallel series of tubes, the parabronchi

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22
Q

What are chemoautotrophs?

A
  • bacteria make their own organic molecules using the OXIDATION of inorganic compounds
  • majority live in a HOSTILE env
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23
Q

Anoxygenic photoautotrophs use. . . as a source of electrons

A

hydrogen sulfide

  • are important for NUTRIENT CYCLING
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24
Q

2 features of algae (domain eukaryotes)

A
  • multicellular + larger in size than plants
  • require water (passively moved through cell walls)
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25
Q

Benefits of roots

A
  • nutrient and water uptake
  • anchorage + support
  • plant hormones
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26
Q

Adaptations to living on land

A

1) roots
2) vascular tissue
3) cuticle
4) tissue for structural support
5) leaf types and size

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27
Q

Ingenious adaptations to get food for autotrophs

A

1) parasitic plants
2) carnivorous plants
3) symbiotic legumes (nitrogen fixing bacteria in root structures called root nodules)
4) symbiotic autotrophic algae

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28
Q

Empirical support for endosymbiotic theory

A

1) phylogenetically related

2) genome reduced

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29
Q

What are some heterotrophic feeding strategies?

A

1) diffusion
2) phagocytosis
3) filter feeding
4) parasitism
5) external digestion

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30
Q

What is filter feeding?

A
  • straining organic matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialized filtering structure
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31
Q

Disadvantage of parasitism?

A
  • your food supply is entirely dependent on your host
  • need to evolve structures that allow you to remain WITH the host
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32
Q

External digestion in fungi

A
  • hyphae grow through the substrates
  • secrete digestive enzymes which break down the substrate
  • makes it easier for the fungus to absorb the nutrients which the substrate contains
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33
Q

External digestion in insects

A
  • first tastes the food with its feet
  • has sponge-like mouthparts that can suck up liquid, but are unable to chew larger sources of food
  • secretes enzymes to digest food
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34
Q

Evolution of jaws in VERTEBRATES

A
  • earliest fish = jawless
  • jaws derived from gill arches
  • jaws ==> teeth
35
Q

What is secretion?

A

the movement of material that has a specific task after leaving the cell or organism

36
Q

How does excretion regulate internal environment in 3 ways?

A

1) controls cell / body WATER CONTENT

2) maintains SOLUTE COMPOSITION

3) excretion of METABOLIC WASTE products and other UNWANTED SUBSTANCES

37
Q

What is elimination?

A

the removal of unabsorbed food that has never been part of the body, typically in
the form of faeces

38
Q

What happens if excretion can’t occur?

A
  • disruption of cell membranes
  • inefficient metabolism
  • death
39
Q

Mechanism of excretion in plants

A

1) transpiration
2) guttation (droplets of xylem –> sap) due to root pressure
3) storing in vacuoles
4) diffusion (thhrough root hair cells)

40
Q

What are flame cells in animals and how do they assist with excretion?

A
  • specialized excretory cells found in FRESHWATER invertebrates
  • flame cells work like mammalian kidneys to remove waste
41
Q

What are bundles of flame cells called?

A

protonephridia

early animals had them, later evovled into more complex nephridia

42
Q

Why is the coelom important?

A
  • fluid-filled so can be used as INTERNAL support
  • SEPARATES internal processes from the gut
  • allows TRANSPORT of FLUIDS (circulatory + excretory systems)
  • provides space for DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL ORGANS
  • enables INCREASED body size
43
Q

Outline excretion in protists and early eukaryotes.

A
  • single celled, no specialised organs
  • passive diffusion, some active transport (and exocytosis)
44
Q

Outline excretion in fungi

A
  • no specialized organs
  • passive diffusion + osmosis
  • some active transport or exocytosis
45
Q

The hindgut is involved in. . .

A

both excretion and elimination; N waste first moved into it prior to excretion

46
Q

What is the relationship between ants and aphids (mutualism)?

A
  • some species of ants farm aphids
  • ants PROTECT aphids from predators
  • ants are paid with honeydew released from aphids
  • ants MILK aphids by stroking them w their antennae
47
Q

Advantages of living in water

A
  • support
  • hydration
  • nutrient rich
  • environmentally buffered
48
Q

Disadvantages of moving in water

A
  • strong currents
  • buoyancy (energy needed)
  • water levels fluctuate
49
Q

Adaptations to active movement in water

A
  • cilia and flagella
  • feet-like projections/structures
  • fins and flippers
50
Q

Adaptations required to take to the air

A
  • light
  • produce lots of seeds
  • large surface area for lift
  • enlarged muscles for flight
51
Q

What are pseudopods (false feet)?

A
  • Unicellular amoeba alter their cell shape by pushing cytoplasm outwards to
    produce pseudopodia (false feet)
  • help to move in diff directions
52
Q

When food is scarce, what do individual amoeba do?

A

aggregate to from a single
travelling colony (either as multiple cells or congregating to form a single massive
cell)

53
Q

Flagella is used for. . .

A

locomotion

54
Q

How do jellyfish (cnidarians) move?

A
  • expanding and contrasting their bell-shaped bodies to push water behind them
  • muscles assist in this process
55
Q

How do molluscs (squid, octopus), move?

A
  • take in water through their mouths then contract bodies to push water through their funnel to achieve forward propulsion
  • muscles assist in this process
  • tentacles also help in movement
56
Q

2 features of molluscs

A

1) mantle - dorsal (back) body wall can form shell

2) muscular foot – used for moving, feeding manipulation

57
Q

How do slugs and snails move?

A

by rhythmic waves of muscular contraction

secrete mucus

58
Q

What are some adaptations of marine worms?

A
  • free-swimming + sedentary
  • unjointed leg-like parapodia
59
Q

What are some adaptations of earthworms?

A
  • most terrestrial and live in soil
  • can grow very long
  • react to vibrations
60
Q

What are some features of vertebrates (subphylum of chordates)

A
  • notochord
  • dorsal nerve cord
  • myomeres (segmented muscles)
61
Q

The earliest fish has . . .

A

a cartilaginous skeleton

bony skeleton evolved later

62
Q

How do fish move?

A
  • using caudal tail and fins
  • movement is active and assisted by muscles
  • maintenance of buoyancy - essential to save energy
63
Q

Features of cartilaginous fish

A
  • large liver filled w low-density oil
  • cartilage lighter than bone
  • pectoral fins provide dynamic lift
64
Q

Features of bony fish

A
  • have a swim bladder of buoyancy
  • swim bladder evolutionarily closely related to lungs (homologous)
65
Q

What did legs evolve from?

A

evolved from long-rays of bone in fins of fish

these early amphibians had both gills and lungs

66
Q

What were the first colonisers of the skies?

A

insects

67
Q

How did wings evolve?

A

wings = stiff membrane of exoskeleton strengthened by ‘veins’

most likely evolved from gills in aquatic form

68
Q

Relationship b/w reptiles and birds

A

archosaurs

69
Q

What did birds evolve from?

A

dromaeosaurs

70
Q

What are some adaptations of flight?

A
  • bone LESS DENSE
  • enlarged chest muscles for flight
  • feathers system of air sacs in their body that connect to the lungs (allows for more oxygen)
71
Q

How do fish and sprawling animals (like crocodiles and lizards) move?

A

from side to side

72
Q

How do mammals move?

A

move the back half of the body forward and back (bends in a different plane)

73
Q

Mammals evolved from . . .?

A

reptiles
and they walk upright

74
Q

What changed in mammals and dinosaurs?

A

hip joints, and upper limb bones changed in mammals and dinosaurs

change of stance enabled QUICKER LOCOMOTION (longer legs)

75
Q

Bipedal vs quadruped

A

humans walk upright (bipedal)

great apes typically knuckle walk (quadruped)

76
Q

Changes in skeletal structure in humans vs gorillas

A
  • big toe REDUCED
  • pelvis SHORTENED, bowl-like
  • femur bends INWARD
  • knee STRAIGHTENED
  • connection w spinal column on UNDERSIDE of skill
  • LESS ROBUST upper arms
77
Q

Human advanatage (compared to gorillas)

A
  • upright walking freed hands for other purposes
  • greater tool use
  • ability to throw accurately
78
Q

Sexual reproduction in fungi

A

1) plasmogamy –> dikaryotic organism (fusion of haploid cytoplasm)

2) karyogamy –> zygote (fusion of nuclei)

3) meiosis –> haploid spores

79
Q

Fossil evidence suggests the first animal was similar to. . .

A

similar to a sponge

80
Q

Biomarkers support. . .

A

the fossil evidence and suggest that animals had evolved by about 635 mya

81
Q

What does fossil record help to understand?

A

determine the rate of origination and rate of extinction

82
Q

Rate of origination / extinction can be used to understand. . .

A

diversity and identify adaptive radiations and mass extinctions

83
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

when evolutionary lineages undergo exceptionally rapid diversification into a variety of lifestyles or ecological niches

most involve exploitation of a new environmental niche in the ABSENCE of competition

84
Q

What is a mass extinction?

A

a statistically significant departure from background extinction rates that results in a substantial loss of diversity

BIO10011 (23 decks)

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