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BIO10011 > MODULE 3 OVERVIEW > Flashcards

MODULE 3 OVERVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

What is a life meter?

A

takes data about physical / chemical conditions and tell you how far things are along the path to evolution of life on other planets / moons

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2
Q

Entropy of food

A

negative; highly ordered

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3
Q

Life feeds on . . .

A

negative entropy

generates metabolic products of higher entropies than the nutrients

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4
Q

What is a crystal?

A

stable structure w/ regularity

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5
Q

What kind of crystal is DNA?

A

a periodic crystal w. the capacity to store info

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6
Q

What makes organisms alive?

A

the way they receive & process info

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7
Q

How is the orderliness of an organism diff to that of a crystal?

A
  • crystal is NOT living & does not actively maintain its orderliness via exchange of matter, energy and info w environment
  • crystal is more vulnerable to degradation + descending into chaos
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8
Q

Two features of living things

A

1) goal-directed

2) exchange energy, matter, & info

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9
Q

What is entropy?

A

the natural tendency for energy to spread out more and more evenly over time

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10
Q

What is work?

A

the energy of a group of molecules all going in the SAME direction – there is an order to their movement

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11
Q

If work is using energy in an orderly manner, does that mean the 2nd law of thermodynamics is being violated?

A

No, as not all the energy from the food is actually going into doing the work

A portion of those molecules receiving that energy don’t cooperate

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12
Q

How do we measure heat production in organisms?

A

metabolic rate

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13
Q

2 levels of homeostasis

A

1) organism level (seeking shade)

2) molecular level (proton pump)

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14
Q

How does order come about in an organism? (2 things)

A

1) homeostasis

2) encoding

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15
Q

Flow of energy going INTO the organism must equal –

A

the flow of energy going OUT

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16
Q

How is metabolic rate measured?

A

1) direct calorimetry

2) indirect calorimetry (measures minute changes in CO2)

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17
Q

Examples of endotherms

A

mammals + birds

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18
Q

Features of endotherms

A
  • maintain constant body temp
  • homeothermic: vary how much metabolic heat they produce to keep their body temps constant
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19
Q

What is BMR (basal metabolic rate)? And what are the conditions

A
  • used for endotherms
  • animal not moving
  • animal not digesting
  • it is in thermoneutral zone
  • inactive phase
  • adult
  • not reproducing
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20
Q

Examples of ectotherms

A
  • reptiles + insects
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21
Q

Features of ectotherms

A
  • do NOT generate extra heat to stay warm
  • body temp fluctuates w environment
  • we use SMR (standard metabolic rate)
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22
Q

What are the conditions for SMR? (standard metabolic rate)

A

same as for BMR, except that its body temp is a KNOWN temp

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23
Q

What are the conditions for resting metabolic rate (human metabolism)?

A

1) not moving
2) not digesting
3) in its thermoneutral zone

can be used for either endo or ectotherms
used in dietary studies

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24
Q

What is field metabolic rate?

A

metabolic rate of organism behaving naturally in the wild
- incorporates all the energy the organism has

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25
Q

How is field metabolic rate measured?

A
  • using ‘doubly labelled water’
  • organism captured + injected w heavy water
  • later, take blood test & see how much water ha been diluted

(indirect measure of energy used)

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26
Q

What is the thermoneutral zone?

A

the point where there is NOT heating costs required for the animal to stay at its constant body temp (Where the basal metabolic rate is)

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27
Q

What is included in the metabolic web?

A
  • feeding
  • assimilation (digestion)
  • growth
  • maintenance
  • development (maturation)
  • reproduction
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28
Q

Metabolic rate is proportional to . . .

A

body weight (to SOME power)

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29
Q

What happens if organisms can’t find the right set of environmental conditions within their optimal range?

A
  • may be unable to SURVIVE
  • may be unable to MOVE to find food
  • might spend too much energy / water regulating their body temp
  • may survive but NOT reproduce quickly enough
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30
Q

What are soft limits?

A

areas just outside optimal region

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31
Q

Define poikilothermic

A

means variable temp

32
Q

Ectotherms cannot. . .

A

generate enough heat INTERNALLY

33
Q

Koalas try to regulate their body temp through . . .

A

CONDUCTION

34
Q

Advantage of endotherms

A

can elevate their metabolic rate when it’s too cold to keep warm

35
Q

Disadvantage of endotherms

A
  • have to eat more + have a more reliable source of food
  • might die if they release too much water to try and cool down
36
Q

Why is there a rise in metabolic rate after the thermoneutral zone?

A
  • start to do behaviours like licking / panting which cost energy
  • using extra energy to behaviourally regulate their muscular activity
37
Q

Why is the thermal tolerance of species living in the tropics NARROWER?

A
  • you have more ‘generalists’ in high latitude areas
  • more ‘specialists’ in low latitude areas (equator)
38
Q

Endotherms - their regulation of body temp is. . .

A

INDEPENDENT of external sources

39
Q

What does it mean to be homeothermic?

A

having a relatively UNIFORM body temp maintained nearly independently of env temp

40
Q

What does sensory modality depend on?

A
  • depends on whether the species LIVES + its LIFESTYLE
41
Q

Signals must be. . .

A

RELIABLE + READILY DISCERNABLE from background noise

42
Q

Spatial / temporal variation

A

e.g. food is patchily distributed in space - so needs to be detected & predators might arrive quickly

43
Q

What is a signal?

A

an evolved means of actively conveying info & influencing the behavior of receivers

44
Q

What is a cue?

A

passive, non-evolving biological & environmental traits that inherently provide the observer with info

45
Q

What is a pheromone?

A

substance which is secreted to the outside by an individual and received by a 2nd individual in the same species

46
Q

3 features of signal / cue

A

1) no intrinsic meaning
2) provide and convey info
3) must be recognizable

47
Q

What are the 6 sensory modalities?

A

chemical, electrical, light, magnetic, mechanical, sound

48
Q

E.g. of a signal

A

flashing lights as a signal to indicate location for mating

49
Q

E.g. of a cue

A

red-necked wallabies use the odor of feces as a CUE revealing the likely presence of predators

50
Q

What is meant by signals attenuating?

A

signals, and the info they provide, may not reach their INTENDED RECEIVER because they ATTENUATE as they RTAVEL through the env

51
Q

What might affect the ability of a signal to reach a receiver?

A

background noise

52
Q

What is meant by signals are ‘strategic’?

A

bright colouration reveals toxicity and thus reduces likelihood of predation

53
Q

Signals and efficacy

A

efficacy: same info, different impact

54
Q

One difference b/w signals & cues

A

signals benefit both the signaler and receiver, whereas cues do not

55
Q

How does an animal KNOW what is a signal or cue and how does it know how to respond?

A

the source of info that allows animals to behave:

1) innate

2) learned - a behaviour that is modified as a result of the animals’ experience of its environment

e.g. digger wasps use landmarks to LEARN the location of their nests

56
Q

What are some costs to signaling?

A

1) physiological (drain on resources during GROWTH or during immediate PRODUCTION OF SIGNALS)

2) exploitation (eavesdropping) – signals or cues may be intercepted by an unintended receiver (predators or parasites)

57
Q

What are social alarm pheromones?

A

chemicals that elicit particular behaviors amongst the individuals within a colony

– spiders easily capture displaying ants

58
Q

Example of eavesdropping interspecific cues

A
  • butterflies are attracted to ants
  • but so too are spiders
  • spiders can capture the butterflies that are flying around
59
Q

What are intra-specific cues?

A

WITHIN SPECIES

  • related and detected by members of the same species
60
Q

What is masquerade?

A

a type of camouflage that prevents recognition by resembling an uninteresting or unimportant object, like a leaf / stick

61
Q

What is motion masquerade?

A

movement improves cyprisis and thus reduces likelihood of predation

62
Q

Define mimicry

A

an evolved resemblance b/w an organism & another object, often an organism of another species

63
Q

What is Batesian mimicry?

A

resembles a noxious or dangerous model
- predators avoid eating both the model & mimic

64
Q

What is Mullerian mimicry?

A

2 or more species have similar anti-predator traits & similar warning signals, but do not share an immediate common ancestor

  • to their mutual benefit
65
Q

What is coevolution?

A

a process involving pairs of species whereby changes in the traits of individuals of 1 species causes reciprocal changes in the other species OVER evolutionary time

66
Q

What are antagonistic interactions?

A

may lead to reciprocal evolutionary change – “arms race”

67
Q

What is ‘arms race’?

A

a struggle b/w competing sets of co-evolving genes, traits, or species that develop adaptations and counter-adaptations against each other

68
Q

Asexual reproduction is more common in. . .

A

agricultural habitats that are typically homogenous

69
Q

Modes of reproduction that remove the hassle with sex

A

1) facultative parthenogenesis

2) hermaphroditism

70
Q

What is mean by sexual dimorphism?

A

differences b/w the sexes

71
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

when there is competition between members of one sex (typically males) for reproductive opportunities with the other sex (typically females)

72
Q

Both mate choice and male-male competition involve. . .

A

signalling

73
Q

What are male counter-adaptations to polyandry

A

1) physically preventing her from mating

2) interfering with female signalling

74
Q

Polyandry is the ‘best’ outcome for . . .

A

females

75
Q

Polygyny is the ‘best’ outcome for the

A

alpha male (not the beta male)

76
Q

What is foraging?

A

act of gathering wild food for free

77
Q

Features of eusocial insects

A

1) cooperative care of young
2) sterile castes help
3) overlapping generations

BIO10011 (23 decks)

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