Lecture 14

Question 1

Nanometer (molecular level)

Answer 1

• DNA 7 its transcription
• proton pump

Question 2

Intracellular level (micrometer)

Answer 2

• chloroplasts, cell membrane, golgi body, cellular body

Question 3

micrometer to meter (individual level)

Answer 3

bacteria, protsits, multicellular (e.g. lizards)

Question 4

mm to km (population level + community level + ecosystem level)

Answer 4

• populations that share genetic material = species which are distributed

Question 5

time scale in biology

Answer 5

nanoseconds (biological reactions) to decades (like succession in communities or changes in pH of a lake)

the INDIVIDUAL is aiming for a ‘state’ whereas the ecosystem or population isn’t - individual is more purposeful

Question 6

the individual as a thermodynamic system

Answer 6

temperature
breathing
water
feeding

the flow of energy going iN must equal the energy going out

Question 7

One method to measure metabolic rate

Answer 7

direct calorimetry = gas measurement

nowadays we use (indirect calorimetry) gas analyzers instead - they can measure minute changes in CO2

that allows us to measure metabolic rates more easilt

Question 8

What are endotherms?

Answer 8

• mammals and birds (initial studies of metabolic rate were focused on endotherms)
• maintain a constant body temperature
• they are HOMEOTHERMIC - they vary how much metabolic heat they produce to keep their body temp constant
• the BASAL metabolic rate is used (BMR)

Question 9

Conditions to get BMR

Answer 9

• animal is not moving
• not digesting
• is in its thermoneutral zone (not feeling cold)
• is in its INACTIVE phase
• is an adult
• it not reproducing

Question 10

What are ectotherms?

Answer 10

• do NOT generate extra heat to stay warm
• have a body temp that is fluctuating with their environment
• we use the standard metabolic rate (SMR)
• conditions are the same as for endotherms, except that its body temp is a KNOWN temp now

Question 11

What is resting metabolic rate (used in context of human metabolism)?

Answer 11

can be used for either endo or ectotherms

• not moving
• not digesting
• is in its thermoneutral zone (it isn’t feeling cold)

used in studies of human fitness + dietary studies

Question 12

what is the FIELD metabolic rate

Answer 12

• the metabolic rate measured for an organism behaving naturally in the wild
• incorporates all the energy an organism has (not just resting, but also all its activity)
• measured using ‘doubly labelled water’
• the organism is captured and injected w something called heavy water (extra neutron in atoms) - water can be tracked
• later take a blood test and see how much that water has been diluted –> indirect measure of amt of energy its used + amt of water it’s turned over

usually about 2-3 times the other rates we’ve seen

Question 13

What is a homeothermic endotherm?

Answer 13

homeothermic - constant temp

endotherm - generates heat to raise body temp above ambient

BODY TEMP IS CONSTANT (LIKE 37 DDEGREES), WHILE AMBIENT TEMP CHANGES A LOT

Question 14

What is the thermoneutral zone?

Answer 14

the point where there is not heating costs required for the animal to stay at its constant body temp (where the basal metabolic rate is)

Question 15

What are heterothermic ectotherms?

Answer 15

• variable temp
• body temp varies w ambient temp
• as ambient temp rises, the body temp rises perfectly

Question 16

What is included in the metabolic web?

Answer 16

• feeding
• assimilation (digestion)
• growth
• maintenance
• development (maturation)
• reproduction

Question 17

There is a relationship between metabolic rate and how it changed with size, and the growth curve

Answer 17

• metabolic rate is proportional to body weight to SOME power

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