module 4 : developement

Question 1

dizygotic (fraternel twins)

Answer 1

• 2 eggs
• 2 sperms
• can be different sexes

Question 2

monozygotic (idential twins)

Answer 2

• 1 egg
• 1 sperm
• same sex

Question 3

period of zygote

Answer 3

• 0-2 weeks
• rapid cell division

Question 4

blastocyst

Answer 4

hollowed zygote (attaches to uterine wall)

Question 5

ectopic pregnancy

Answer 5

when egg installs in fallopian tube (can’t expand)

Question 6

period of embryo

Answer 6

• 2-8 weeks
• growth of bodily structures

Question 7

cephalocaudal development

Answer 7

development from head to tail

Question 8

proximodistal development

Answer 8

internal organs to outwards extremities

Question 9

period of the fetus

Answer 9

• week 9-birth
• refinement and finishing touches (positioning)

Question 10

teratogens

Answer 10

environmental agents that can negatively affect prenatal development

Question 11

teratogens important factors

Answer 11

• dose, timing, cumulative effects
• experiments with humans are unethical
• other mesures of exposure are necessary

Question 12

alcohol

Answer 12

• FASD : fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
• damaged internal organs, physical traits, cognitive impairment …

Question 13

thalidomide

Answer 13

• medicine used to reduce nausea in mothers
• leads to deformation of limbs (shirt arms or legs)

Question 14

zika virus

Answer 14

• misquote bites or sexual contact
• microcephaly : small head

Question 15

two important figures in cognitive development

Answer 15

• jean piaget
• vygotsky

Question 16

Piagets stages of development

Answer 16

1) sensorimotor (0-2)
2) preoperational (2-7)
3) concrete operational (7-12)
4) formal operational (12+)

Question 17

sensorimotor stage

Answer 17

• uses reflexes and body to discover world
• object of permanence (doesn’t existe when isn’t seen)

Question 18

pre operational stage

Answer 18

• animism (believes that inanimate objects have feelings)
• egocentrism
  And fails conservation tasks

Question 19

concrete operational stage

Answer 19

route planning and understands conservation
- identity
- compensation
- inversion

Question 20

formal operational stage

Answer 20

abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning

Question 21

vygotsky

Answer 21

socioculturel theory
- cultural context : relationships with people and environment

Question 22

scaffolding and zone of prefixal development

Answer 22

• when parents leads them them lets them learn by themself
• distance between what a child can accomplish alone vs with assistance

Question 23

three important figues in social development

Answer 23

• John bowlby
• Mary ainsworth
• Lawrence kohlberg

Question 24

John bowlby and Ainsworth

Answer 24

attachement style in infancy
Stage situation

Question 25

securely attached

Answer 25

adjusts calmly to the parent leaving and returning

Question 26

insecure-resistant

Answer 26

holds onto parent to prevent separation

Question 27

insecure-avoidant

Answer 27

shows little interest when the parent leaves or reappears

Question 28

disorganized attachment

Answer 28

wants to be close but also far from parent

Question 29

attachments

Answer 29

• imprinting (Larenz’s hatchlings) predispose to form relationship with parents
• biological needs (Harlows monkey)

Question 30

Laurence Kohlberg

Answer 30

Moral development : Heinz dilemma

Question 31

pre-conventional mortality

Answer 31

good and bad based on punishment

Question 32

conventional mortality

Answer 32

morals based on societal pressures

Question 33

post-conventional mortality

Answer 33

morals based on internal principles irrespective of societal expectations

Question 34

adolescent egocentrism and imaginary audience

Answer 34

feels like everyone is watching

Question 35

personal fables

Answer 35

think that they are not vulnerable to risky situations and that they are unique

Question 36

dementia

Answer 36

deterioration of brain function

Question 37

alzheinmers disease

Answer 37

form of dementia
- impairment in memory, language ans cognitive function

Question 38

secure or autonomous attachement

Answer 38

enjoys emotional closeness and independence

Question 39

anxious or preoccupied attachment

Answer 39

wants constant intimacy and avoids independence

Question 40

dismissive or avoidant attachment

Answer 40

prefers independence and avoids relationships

Question 41

major life milestone in adulthood

Answer 41

1) marriage
2) parenthood
3) retirement

Question 42

marriage

Answer 42

happy marriages contribue to health and well-being

Question 43

parenthood

Answer 43

may affect marriage, but also related to positive emotion and meaning in life

Question 44

retirement

Answer 44

successful adjustment impacted by financial resources and keeping and active lifestyle

Question 45

Erickson stages of development

Answer 45

eight crises that people must face as they develop and mature for their search of identity

Question 46

longitudinal research

Answer 46

follows an individuals life span

Question 47

cross-sectional research

Answer 47

compares diffèrent ages, in one moment (snapshot)

Question 48

novelty preference

Answer 48

preference in looking to new info rather then old

Question 49

assimilation

Answer 49

the incorporation of new information into existing cognitive structures

Question 50

accommodation

Answer 50

the creation of new cognitive structures to house new information

Question 51

equilibration

Answer 51

states in which cognitive structures agree with external realities

Question 52

disequilibration

Answer 52

states in which cognitive structures do not agree with external realities

Question 53

foreclosed identity

Answer 53

prematurely decided who they are

Question 54

psychosocial moratorium

Answer 54

optimistic, tries

Question 56

identity diffusion

Answer 56

no decisions, no commitment

Question 57

identity achievement

Answer 57

escaped identity crisis