finale exam Flashcards
1
Q
zygote
A
0-2 weeks
rapide cell division
2
Q
blastocyst
A
hollowed out zygote (attaches to uterine wall)
3
Q
ectopic pregnancy
A
when the fertilized egg installs in fallopian tube (can’t expand)
terminate their pregnancy to avoid death
4
Q
identical twins
A
when fertilized egg divides in two
5
Q
fraternal twins
A
when two sperms fertilize two eggs
6
Q
teratogens
A
environmental agents that can negatively affect prenatal development
7
Q
teratogens factors
A
- timing (gestations, embryo)
- dose
- cumulative effects
8
Q
alcohol and effects on pregnancy
A
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) : identified preschool or early school years
- Damage internal organs (heart, kidney, vision, hearing)
- Altered physical characteristics (reduced head size, small height, smooth patch of skin between mouth and nose)
- Cognitive impairments (hyperactivity, inattention, reduced intelligence)
9
Q
stages of cognitive developpement
A
Piagets theories
Provides a foundation of stages that children have to progress in - there is no skipping stage.
10
Q
stages of cognitive developpement (4)
A
- sensorimotor stage (0-2)
- pre operational stage (2-7)
- concrete operational stage (7-12)
- formal operation stage (12+)
11
Q
sensorimotor stage
A
uses reflexes and body to discover the world
- object of permanence
12
Q
object of permanence
A
when you don’t see, it doesn’t exist
13
Q
pre operational stage
A
lack of capability to be operational
- conservation
- egocentrism
- theory of mind
14
Q
conservation
A
lack of conversation : can’t understand space
15
Q
egocentrism
A
doesn’t consider others, selfishness
16
Q
theory of mind
A
understand others have feelings, thoughts, intentions … can lead to manipulation
17
Q
concrete operational stage
A
route planning
undertands conservation and
- identity
- compensation
- inversion
18
Q
conservation (identity)
A
what it is
19
Q
conservation (compensation)
A
make up for …
20
Q
conservation (inversion)
A
reversible
21
Q
formal operational stage
A
- abstract and hypothetical situations
- thinking and applying knowledge
22
Q
lev vygotsky
A
sociocultural theory (cultural contexte)
- scaffolding
- zone of proximal development
23
Q
scaffolding
A
helping a bit then letting the kid figure it out for itself
24
Q
zone of proximal development
A
the distance between what a child can accomplish alone and what it can accomplish with some assistance
25
attachment styles (names)
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth
26
securely attached
distressed, but recovered
27
insecure-resistant
distressed and clingy
28
insecure-avoidant
unbothered
29
disorganized attachment
want both to approach and avoid parent (abusive family)
30
Lawrence Kohlberg
moral reasoning
Heinz dilemma
31
Heinz dilemma
- pre conventional morality
- conventional mortality
- post conventional morality
32
pre conventional mortality
rule-following guided by self interest (avoid punishment, get rewarded)
33
conventional morality
rule-following in social contexte
34
post conventional morality
abstract reasoning leads to a greater understanding of rights and ethics
35
risk taking
- The “brakes” aren't developed to prevent impulsive actions
- They are more susceptible to positive results and less sensitive to negative outcomes
36
societal modifications
may prevent accessibility too accidents
37
identity formation
Marcias model
(axes : commitment and exploration)
38
identity diffusion
no decision are made
39
foreclosed identity
prematurely decided who they are
40
psychosocial moratorium
explores a various amount of options
41
identity achievement
after identity crisis
42
attachment and marriage
- secure or autonomous attachment
- dismissive or avoidant attachement
- anxious or preoccupied attachment
43
secure or autonomous
positive manner, comfortable and confident
44
anxious or preocuppied
insecure-resistant, uncomfortable with independence always wants intimacy
45
dismissive or avoidant
they think relationship will compromise their independance
46
research methodes in developmental psychology
- cross-sectional study
- longitudinal study
47
cross-sectional study
compare different people, takes place at one time, quick, snapshot
48
longitudinal study
follows an individual, examine changes associated with age in same person, can take lifespan
49
self-enhancement bias
thinking you are smarter than average
50
flynn effect
IQ has been increasing with time
51
environmental factors influencing IQ
- nutrition and health care
- better education
- increasing complexity of our environment (technologie, hypothetical)
52
galton
cognitive ability (g)
- physical (eugenics)
Bell curve
- mean, Standard deviation, median, mode
- re-emerges with fMRI
53
standard deviation
measures typical amount of variability there is in a characteristics around that characteristic's mean (average) value
- more high = dispersed
- low = tighter to the mean
54
intelligence tests imperfection
- They are biased (racist, stereotypical, sexist)
- Stereotype threats
55
stereotype threats
when you don't want to confirm racial expectation, pressure
56
spearman
- General cognitive ability (g): mental energy across cortex
- Subject-specific ability (s)
- Factor analysis
- Component analysis
- apprehension
57
factor vs component analysis
- Factor analysis (structure, levels)
- Component analysis (process, strategies)
58
apprehension
how one sizes up a situation, how one focuses and assesses a situation
59
thurstone
factor analysis
7 clusters (primary mental abilities)
60
cattel
Hierarchical structure
- General intelligence at the top
- Followed by fluid general intelligence
- crystallized general intelligence
- Cognitive flexibility “mental agility”
61
fluid general intelligence
general problem-solving and independent of content knowledge
62
crystallized general intelligence
specific content, cognitive toolbox
63
cognitive flexibility
“mental agility”, how we apply our knowledge
64
goldberg
Wisdom paradox, people get wiser as they grow up, facilitates problem-solving
65
sternberg
thiarchic theory (components)
- analytic intelligence
- creative intelligence
- practical intelligence
successful intelligence
66
analytic intelligence
academic
67
creative intelligence
ideas
68
practical intelligence
applied
69
successful intelligence
use of all thee to preform well
70
general intelligence is influenced by ...
nature and nurture
71
personality def
an enduring set of internally based characteristics that produce uniqueness and consistency in the expression of a person’s thoughts and behaviours
72
Freud psychoanalytic theory
Girl clients having “nervous disorder”
Ice berg model
Unconsciousness
- tools (hypnosis, free association, dream analysis)
73
hysteria
greek word for uterus, psychic tension
74
unconscious mind
most influential part, needs special techniques to require access to them
75
preconscious mind
normally unaware, we can retrieve memories from the preconscious
76
conscious mind
what we are aware of
77
free association
freely share thoughts, emotions … like a therapist
78
hypnosis
relax mind and weaken the disguises
79
dream analysis
manifest - what the dreamer remembers
latent - what it means (thoughts, feelings, needs)
80
id (+ principle)
how I wanna behave”
Pleasure principle
- driven by sexual urges and aggressive impulses
- Animalistic, Takes care of basic human needs and survival
81
sexual urges
eros
82
agressive impulses
thanatos
83
ego (+principle)
“how I do behave”
- Expresses id in socially acceptable ways (mature way)
- Operates across all 3 levels of consciousness
84
superego
“how I should behave”
- Compass of what right vs wrong “good angel”
- Based on sense of morality “ego ideal and conscientious” (pride and shame)
85
anxiety
signals possible threat to the ego
86
reality anxiety
concerns real world dangers (ego)
87
moral anxiety
when superego is alerted to possible violate in morale code
88
neurotic anxiety
concerns Ego becoming aware of Id possibly acting up
89
repression
not remembering traumatic details
90
reaction formation
when a closeted gay is homophobic
91
projection
its okay cause everyone else cheated too
92
regression
regressing to early stage reaction
93
sublimation
making your strange desires socially acceptable (sex doctor)
94
denial
refusal
95
rationalization
tries to justify actions in acceptable maner
96
displacement
taking it out on someone else
97
Maslow
hierarchy of needs
98
rogers self theory
person centred approach
- self-concept
- self-esteem
- actual self
- ideal self
- conditional positive regard
- unconditional positive regard
99
humanistic approach theoristes
- Maslow
- Rogers
100
self-concept
how one perceives their characteristics, skills, qualities and abilities
101
self-esteem
how positively or negatively a person evaluates themselves based on life experiences
102
conditional positive regard
placing limits on the acceptance of a person
103
unconditional positive regard
displaying an attitude of acceptance and respect no matter what
104
actual self
real self
- who you currently are
105
ideal self
who you want to be
106
social cognitive thorists
- bandura
- rotters
107
bandura
- self-system
- self-efficacy
108
self system
is “a set of cognitive tools that people use to observe, evaluate, and regulate their behavior in different situations”, external stimuli
109
self-efficacy
people evaluate their own performance
110
rotters
locus control (internal, external)
- learned helplessness
111
locus control
in what degree an individual know what they can control (or if its outside forces)
112
internal locus control
they believe they are in control of their lives (better adjusted)
113
external locus control
they believe they lack the control of events in their lives
114
learned helplessness
sense of hopelessness in which individuals believe their ability to prevent unpleasant events in life is outside their control
115
evolutionary perspective
adaptive responses
- survival ( consciousness and optimism)
- reproduction (FII)
116
consciousness (survival)
makes people more likely to engage in health promotion vs risks
117
optimism (survival)
more likely to have fewer symptoms and quicker recovery when dealing with medical concerns (feeling control = stronger immune system)
118
functionally infertile individual
“for whom reproduction is possible but rates of reproductive success are low”
119
eysenck
three trait theory (PEN)
- psychoticism
- extraversion
- neuroticism
120
psychoticism
(cold, aggressive, carefree) - impulse control
121
extraversion
intraversion
122
neuroticism
(touchy, moody, restless, anxious) - emotional stability
123
observational assessment techniques
Implies monitoring (usually specific) behaviours in a naturalistic or controlled setting.
- behavioural observation
- self-monitoring
- thought sampling
124
behavioural observation
measures may be taken of the dynamics of an interpersonal interaction
125
self-monitoring
the person may use a tracker of some sort that keeps track of calories, steps, etc.
126
thought sampling techniques
ask the participant to record the nature and frequency of thoughts in certain settings. This method assumes that the participant is being honest.
127
projective tests
neutral images that generate verbal response
- lack of reliability
- provide verbal material for analyst
128
attribution theory
framework to understand theories behind the actions of others
- dispositional: internal causes
- situational: external causes
129
dispositional: internal causes
encompass personality traits and characteristics of the person (it is something within the person we observe, labeling)
130
situational: external causes
are a function of the environment (it is caused by something outside the person we observe)
131
Kelley’s Covariation Model of Attribution
- consistency
- distinctiveness
- consensus
132
consistency
more likely to be result of the internal factors
133
distinctiveness
to compare to other contextes
134
consensus
to compare to other people
135
primacy effect
initial impression last the longest, it is hard to erase the negative because its given more weight
136
confirmation bias
when we are more likely to attend facts that are consistent to our first impressions and discard those who oppose to the beliefs
137
self-fulfilling prophecy
When our attitude affects our behavior. Example: Confidence
138
social norms
Vary actress context, culture, and time
139
individualistic cultures
- western culture
- individual gains
140
collectivist cultures
- eastern culture
- collective growth
141
social script
Using social cues to provide information on how to act
142
janis theory of group think (components to poor decisions making)
- overestimating the group
- closed-mindedness
- pressure to uniformity
143
overestimating the group
perceived invulnerability, morality
144
closed-mindedness
divergent thinking discouraged, collective rationalization and stereotyped views of an out-group (person vs homogenous group)
145
pressure to uniformity
counter-productive until various alternative solutions have been thoroughly considered
Examples: pearl Harbor, Challenger Space-shuttle
146
milgram experiments
- Root of obedience
- Follows Hitler and the Nazi
- How far is far enough (shocking when wrong answer)
147
Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment
Guards vs prisoners : Supposed to last 2 weeks but ended after 6 days because the rôles were taken to seriously
148
Leon Festinger
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
149
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
When people's attitudes, beliefs and behaviors are inconsistent
150
discriminations
- scapegoat
- realistic conflict theory
(EX. robbers cave study)
151
scapegoat
- Target those with less power
- Feel empowered
- Minorities target minorities
152
realistic conflict theory
- Limited resources
- Competition conflict
EX. robbers cave
153
robbers cave study
- In-group (the group to who you belong)
- Mutual interdependence (different groups work together towards a superordinate goal)
154
interpersonal attraction
- Similarity - share similar ideologies and interests “similarity breeds content”
- Proximity - physical nearness “the mere exposure effect”
- Physical attractiveness
155
Reciprocal altruism
want something in return for favor (scorekeeping)
156
Persuasion/compliance
use the reciprocity norm to gain compliance
157
foot-in-the-door
fostering cat
158
door-in-the-face
ask big to settle for less (that was their goal)
159
lowballing
sells men, starts great, but then you get ripped off
160
psychological disorder (4 D's)
- deviance
- distress
- dysfunction
- danger
161
deviance
behaviours, thoughts and feelings that are not social standard (statistical or cultural)
162
distress
feeling that are upsetting and cause pain, suffering, sorrow
163
dysfunction
feelings are disruptive to ones routine
164
danger
feelings may lead to harm or injury to self or others
165
word choice
person first : a person with ...
166
DSM
Created to classify and classify psychiatric and psychological disorders (system)
- Helps clinical, researchers, health insurance agencies, pharmaceutical companies, and forensic experts
167
neurodevelopment disorders
Relates to development of the nervous system
- Infancy, early childhood
Impairment
- Social
- Academic
- Behavioral
EX. Autism spectrum disorder (Asperger’s syndrome)
168
Autism spectrum disorder (Asperger’s syndrome)
- Second year of life
- Difficulty to express emotions, attached to routine, and lack communication skills, can be hypersensitive to touch
169
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
Impairment of their function (lost touch with reality)
- Serious mental illness (interferes in daily activity)
- Many end up homeless
170
positive symptoms
Behaviours that aren't there before the onset of a psychotic disorder (delusions, hallucinations, abnormal motor behaviours …)
171
negative symptoms
When it subtracts from a person's behavior or sensory repertoire (diminished emotional expression, flat affect, avolition, alogia)
172
Bipolar and Related Disorders
Bipolar = two opposites extremes
- Alternation of mania episodes and depression episodes
Mania : excessive energy interferes with function at significant level
173
Major depressive disorders
Long lasting that can affects others surrounding
Major: suicide
Hormonal factors (women 2-3 x more than men)
174
anxiety disorders
- Most common
- Excessive fear (response to current threats) and anxiety (worrying about future or potential threats)
175
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Somatic: body not mind
Its an intense focus on symptoms of physical illness or pain
Factitious disorder
Indure or cause themselves to be sick to seek treatment
176
feeding and eating disorders
Problem of consuming or absorbing nutrients, leads to physical or emotional health problems
- Feeding disorders : tend to be seen in kids (motivation : food preference, intolerance)
- Eating disorder : teens and adults (emotional response)
177
binge eating disorder
- Higher among women
- Among people seeking to lose weight
- Loss of control
- Once per week/3 months
178
Psychopharmacotherapy
Use of
- Drugs (psychoactive or psychotropic : target neurotransmitters)
- Surgery
- Electrical stimulation
179
Mood-Stabilizing Medications
Bipolar disorder, treats highs (mania) and lows (depression)
Also effective at reducing aggression and agitation
- Lithium, most commonly prescribed mood stabilizer (need to be monitored, frequent blood tests - can damage organ function)
- Anticonvulsant medications (anti seizure medications), enhance availability of GABA (manages manic episodes, with low risks of side effect)
180
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Uses electromagnetic currents to stimulate potions of the brain (increases or decreases neural activity), non-invasive
- Side-effects exist, including headache, fainting, and possible seizures.
- Tests of effectiveness show mixed results, and the mechanism is unclear.
181
Psychosurgery
Trepanation (open holes in skull), then, prefrontal lobotomy (surgery connected between prefrontal lobe and rest of brain)
- Goal is to reduce the severity of symptoms associated with mental disorders
- Other forms of this procedure can remove or destroy parts of the brain though to be causing mental dysfunction
- Side effects include seizures, cognitive deficits and death
182
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
Modern form of psychosurgery
- Involves implanting electrodes into brain to electrically stimulate certain areas
183
Psychotherapy
Referred to as talk therapy (personality theory)
Goal to help “individuals identify, change, and overcome problematic thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.”
184
couple and family therapy
Addresses all members of a relationship unit
185
psychoanalysis
use for unconscious
Tools :
- free association - resistance
- freudian slip
- dream analysis
- transference
- psychodynamic therapy
186
resistance (free association)
(underlying anxiety, repression, denial, regression)
187
freudian slip
wrong use of word
188
dream analysis
manifest, latent content
189
transference
when patient redirects feelings into the therapist = breakthrough (making process)
190
psychodynamic therapy
Face-to face discussions
- acknowledges the influence of childhood experiences and unconscious
191
behaviour therapy
- Deals with observable behaviours or actions and observable stimuli in the environment
- Learning theory (behaviour modification)
192
systematic desentization
Treatment that aims to replace the anxious response to a stimulus with a relaxed response.
- Relaxation skills
- Fear hierarchy (SUDS)
- Imaginal exposure
- Fooding with the use of extinction
193
Person-Centered Therapy
Rogers
Self-actualizing tendency
- non directed (unconditional positive regard, empathy, congruence)
194
Cognitive Therapy to Treat Depression (Aaron Beck)
Addresses dysfunctional thinking by focusing in the connections between how an individual evaluated event and resulting emotions
- The thought record : patients write their thoughts with goal of finding healthier ways of thinking (re-training)
*Cognitive distortions
- All-or-nothing
- Discounting the positive
- Catastrophizing
195
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy
Cognitive triad
Represents beliefs of self, world, and future can make them less susceptible to depression
Cognitive restructuring : patient learn to identify their cognitive distortions, dispute the negative thoughts and develop alternate more positive thoughts
