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psy 1102 > finale exam > Flashcards

finale exam Flashcards

1
Q

zygote

A

0-2 weeks
rapide cell division

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2
Q

blastocyst

A

hollowed out zygote (attaches to uterine wall)

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3
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

when the fertilized egg installs in fallopian tube (can’t expand)
terminate their pregnancy to avoid death

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4
Q

identical twins

A

when fertilized egg divides in two

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5
Q

fraternal twins

A

when two sperms fertilize two eggs

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6
Q

teratogens

A

environmental agents that can negatively affect prenatal development

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7
Q

teratogens factors

A
  • timing (gestations, embryo)
  • dose
  • cumulative effects
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8
Q

alcohol and effects on pregnancy

A

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) : identified preschool or early school years
- Damage internal organs (heart, kidney, vision, hearing)
- Altered physical characteristics (reduced head size, small height, smooth patch of skin between mouth and nose)
- Cognitive impairments (hyperactivity, inattention, reduced intelligence)

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9
Q

stages of cognitive developpement

A

Piagets theories
Provides a foundation of stages that children have to progress in - there is no skipping stage.

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10
Q

stages of cognitive developpement (4)

A
  • sensorimotor stage (0-2)
  • pre operational stage (2-7)
  • concrete operational stage (7-12)
  • formal operation stage (12+)
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11
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

uses reflexes and body to discover the world
- object of permanence

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12
Q

object of permanence

A

when you don’t see, it doesn’t exist

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13
Q

pre operational stage

A

lack of capability to be operational
- conservation
- egocentrism
- theory of mind

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14
Q

conservation

A

lack of conversation : can’t understand space

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15
Q

egocentrism

A

doesn’t consider others, selfishness

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16
Q

theory of mind

A

understand others have feelings, thoughts, intentions … can lead to manipulation

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17
Q

concrete operational stage

A

route planning
undertands conservation and
- identity
- compensation
- inversion

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18
Q

conservation (identity)

A

what it is

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19
Q

conservation (compensation)

A

make up for …

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20
Q

conservation (inversion)

A

reversible

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21
Q

formal operational stage

A
  • abstract and hypothetical situations
  • thinking and applying knowledge
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22
Q

lev vygotsky

A

sociocultural theory (cultural contexte)
- scaffolding
- zone of proximal development

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23
Q

scaffolding

A

helping a bit then letting the kid figure it out for itself

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24
Q

zone of proximal development

A

the distance between what a child can accomplish alone and what it can accomplish with some assistance

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25
Q

attachment styles (names)

A

John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth

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26
Q

securely attached

A

distressed, but recovered

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27
Q

insecure-resistant

A

distressed and clingy

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28
Q

insecure-avoidant

A

unbothered

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29
Q

disorganized attachment

A

want both to approach and avoid parent (abusive family)

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30
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

moral reasoning
Heinz dilemma

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31
Q

Heinz dilemma

A
  • pre conventional morality
  • conventional mortality
  • post conventional morality
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32
Q

pre conventional mortality

A

rule-following guided by self interest (avoid punishment, get rewarded)

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33
Q

conventional morality

A

rule-following in social contexte

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34
Q

post conventional morality

A

abstract reasoning leads to a greater understanding of rights and ethics

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35
Q

risk taking

A
  • The “brakes” aren’t developed to prevent impulsive actions
  • They are more susceptible to positive results and less sensitive to negative outcomes
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36
Q

societal modifications

A

may prevent accessibility too accidents

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37
Q

identity formation

A

Marcias model
(axes : commitment and exploration)

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38
Q

identity diffusion

A

no decision are made

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39
Q

foreclosed identity

A

prematurely decided who they are

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40
Q

psychosocial moratorium

A

explores a various amount of options

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41
Q

identity achievement

A

after identity crisis

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42
Q

attachment and marriage

A
  • secure or autonomous attachment
  • dismissive or avoidant attachement
  • anxious or preoccupied attachment
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43
Q

secure or autonomous

A

positive manner, comfortable and confident

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44
Q

anxious or preocuppied

A

insecure-resistant, uncomfortable with independence always wants intimacy

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45
Q

dismissive or avoidant

A

they think relationship will compromise their independance

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46
Q

research methodes in developmental psychology

A
  • cross-sectional study
  • longitudinal study
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47
Q

cross-sectional study

A

compare different people, takes place at one time, quick, snapshot

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48
Q

longitudinal study

A

follows an individual, examine changes associated with age in same person, can take lifespan

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49
Q

self-enhancement bias

A

thinking you are smarter than average

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50
Q

flynn effect

A

IQ has been increasing with time

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51
Q

environmental factors influencing IQ

A
  • nutrition and health care
  • better education
  • increasing complexity of our environment (technologie, hypothetical)
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52
Q

galton

A

cognitive ability (g)
- physical (eugenics)
Bell curve
- mean, Standard deviation, median, mode
- re-emerges with fMRI

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53
Q

standard deviation

A

measures typical amount of variability there is in a characteristics around that characteristic’s mean (average) value
- more high = dispersed
- low = tighter to the mean

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54
Q

intelligence tests imperfection

A
  • They are biased (racist, stereotypical, sexist)
  • Stereotype threats
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55
Q

stereotype threats

A

when you don’t want to confirm racial expectation, pressure

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56
Q

spearman

A
  • General cognitive ability (g): mental energy across cortex
  • Subject-specific ability (s)
  • Factor analysis
  • Component analysis
  • apprehension
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57
Q

factor vs component analysis

A
  • Factor analysis (structure, levels)
  • Component analysis (process, strategies)
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58
Q

apprehension

A

how one sizes up a situation, how one focuses and assesses a situation

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59
Q

thurstone

A

factor analysis
7 clusters (primary mental abilities)

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60
Q

cattel

A

Hierarchical structure
- General intelligence at the top
- Followed by fluid general intelligence
- crystallized general intelligence
- Cognitive flexibility “mental agility”

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61
Q

fluid general intelligence

A

general problem-solving and independent of content knowledge

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62
Q

crystallized general intelligence

A

specific content, cognitive toolbox

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63
Q

cognitive flexibility

A

“mental agility”, how we apply our knowledge

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64
Q

goldberg

A

Wisdom paradox, people get wiser as they grow up, facilitates problem-solving

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65
Q

sternberg

A

thiarchic theory (components)
- analytic intelligence
- creative intelligence
- practical intelligence
successful intelligence

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66
Q

analytic intelligence

A

academic

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67
Q

creative intelligence

A

ideas

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68
Q

practical intelligence

A

applied

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69
Q

successful intelligence

A

use of all thee to preform well

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70
Q

general intelligence is influenced by …

A

nature and nurture

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71
Q

personality def

A

an enduring set of internally based characteristics that produce uniqueness and consistency in the expression of a person’s thoughts and behaviours

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72
Q

Freud psychoanalytic theory

A

Girl clients having “nervous disorder”
Ice berg model
Unconsciousness
- tools (hypnosis, free association, dream analysis)

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73
Q

hysteria

A

greek word for uterus, psychic tension

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74
Q

unconscious mind

A

most influential part, needs special techniques to require access to them

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75
Q

preconscious mind

A

normally unaware, we can retrieve memories from the preconscious

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76
Q

conscious mind

A

what we are aware of

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77
Q

free association

A

freely share thoughts, emotions … like a therapist

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78
Q

hypnosis

A

relax mind and weaken the disguises

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79
Q

dream analysis

A

manifest - what the dreamer remembers
latent - what it means (thoughts, feelings, needs)

80
Q

id (+ principle)

A

how I wanna behave”
Pleasure principle
- driven by sexual urges and aggressive impulses
- Animalistic, Takes care of basic human needs and survival

81
Q

sexual urges

A

eros

82
Q

agressive impulses

A

thanatos

83
Q

ego (+principle)

A

“how I do behave”
- Expresses id in socially acceptable ways (mature way)
- Operates across all 3 levels of consciousness

84
Q

superego

A

“how I should behave”
- Compass of what right vs wrong “good angel”
- Based on sense of morality “ego ideal and conscientious” (pride and shame)

85
Q

anxiety

A

signals possible threat to the ego

86
Q

reality anxiety

A

concerns real world dangers (ego)

87
Q

moral anxiety

A

when superego is alerted to possible violate in morale code

88
Q

neurotic anxiety

A

concerns Ego becoming aware of Id possibly acting up

89
Q

repression

A

not remembering traumatic details

90
Q

reaction formation

A

when a closeted gay is homophobic

91
Q

projection

A

its okay cause everyone else cheated too

92
Q

regression

A

regressing to early stage reaction

93
Q

sublimation

A

making your strange desires socially acceptable (sex doctor)

94
Q

denial

A

refusal

95
Q

rationalization

A

tries to justify actions in acceptable maner

96
Q

displacement

A

taking it out on someone else

97
Q

Maslow

A

hierarchy of needs

98
Q

rogers self theory

A

person centred approach
- self-concept
- self-esteem
- actual self
- ideal self
- conditional positive regard
- unconditional positive regard

99
Q

humanistic approach theoristes

A
  • Maslow
  • Rogers
100
Q

self-concept

A

how one perceives their characteristics, skills, qualities and abilities

101
Q

self-esteem

A

how positively or negatively a person evaluates themselves based on life experiences

102
Q

conditional positive regard

A

placing limits on the acceptance of a person

103
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

displaying an attitude of acceptance and respect no matter what

104
Q

actual self

A

real self
- who you currently are

105
Q

ideal self

A

who you want to be

106
Q

social cognitive thorists

A
  • bandura
  • rotters
107
Q

bandura

A
  • self-system
  • self-efficacy
108
Q

self system

A

is “a set of cognitive tools that people use to observe, evaluate, and regulate their behavior in different situations”, external stimuli

109
Q

self-efficacy

A

people evaluate their own performance

110
Q

rotters

A

locus control (internal, external)
- learned helplessness

111
Q

locus control

A

in what degree an individual know what they can control (or if its outside forces)

112
Q

internal locus control

A

they believe they are in control of their lives (better adjusted)

113
Q

external locus control

A

they believe they lack the control of events in their lives

114
Q

learned helplessness

A

sense of hopelessness in which individuals believe their ability to prevent unpleasant events in life is outside their control

115
Q

evolutionary perspective

A

adaptive responses
- survival ( consciousness and optimism)
- reproduction (FII)

116
Q

consciousness (survival)

A

makes people more likely to engage in health promotion vs risks

117
Q

optimism (survival)

A

more likely to have fewer symptoms and quicker recovery when dealing with medical concerns (feeling control = stronger immune system)

118
Q

functionally infertile individual

A

“for whom reproduction is possible but rates of reproductive success are low”

119
Q

eysenck

A

three trait theory (PEN)
- psychoticism
- extraversion
- neuroticism

120
Q

psychoticism

A

(cold, aggressive, carefree) - impulse control

121
Q

extraversion

A

intraversion

122
Q

neuroticism

A

(touchy, moody, restless, anxious) - emotional stability

123
Q

observational assessment techniques

A

Implies monitoring (usually specific) behaviours in a naturalistic or controlled setting.
- behavioural observation
- self-monitoring
- thought sampling

124
Q

behavioural observation

A

measures may be taken of the dynamics of an interpersonal interaction

125
Q

self-monitoring

A

the person may use a tracker of some sort that keeps track of calories, steps, etc.

126
Q

thought sampling techniques

A

ask the participant to record the nature and frequency of thoughts in certain settings. This method assumes that the participant is being honest.

127
Q

projective tests

A

neutral images that generate verbal response
- lack of reliability
- provide verbal material for analyst

128
Q

attribution theory

A

framework to understand theories behind the actions of others
- dispositional: internal causes
- situational: external causes

129
Q

dispositional: internal causes

A

encompass personality traits and characteristics of the person (it is something within the person we observe, labeling)

130
Q

situational: external causes

A

are a function of the environment (it is caused by something outside the person we observe)

131
Q

Kelley’s Covariation Model of Attribution

A
  • consistency
  • distinctiveness
  • consensus
132
Q

consistency

A

more likely to be result of the internal factors

133
Q

distinctiveness

A

to compare to other contextes

134
Q

consensus

A

to compare to other people

135
Q

primacy effect

A

initial impression last the longest, it is hard to erase the negative because its given more weight

136
Q

confirmation bias

A

when we are more likely to attend facts that are consistent to our first impressions and discard those who oppose to the beliefs

137
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

When our attitude affects our behavior. Example: Confidence

138
Q

social norms

A

Vary actress context, culture, and time

139
Q

individualistic cultures

A
  • western culture
  • individual gains
140
Q

collectivist cultures

A
  • eastern culture
  • collective growth
141
Q

social script

A

Using social cues to provide information on how to act

142
Q

janis theory of group think (components to poor decisions making)

A
  • overestimating the group
  • closed-mindedness
  • pressure to uniformity
143
Q

overestimating the group

A

perceived invulnerability, morality

144
Q

closed-mindedness

A

divergent thinking discouraged, collective rationalization and stereotyped views of an out-group (person vs homogenous group)

145
Q

pressure to uniformity

A

counter-productive until various alternative solutions have been thoroughly considered
Examples: pearl Harbor, Challenger Space-shuttle

146
Q

milgram experiments

A
  • Root of obedience
  • Follows Hitler and the Nazi
  • How far is far enough (shocking when wrong answer)
147
Q

Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment

A

Guards vs prisoners : Supposed to last 2 weeks but ended after 6 days because the rôles were taken to seriously

148
Q

Leon Festinger

A

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

149
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

When people’s attitudes, beliefs and behaviors are inconsistent

150
Q

discriminations

A
  • scapegoat
  • realistic conflict theory
    (EX. robbers cave study)
151
Q

scapegoat

A
  • Target those with less power
  • Feel empowered
  • Minorities target minorities
152
Q

realistic conflict theory

A
  • Limited resources
  • Competition conflict
    EX. robbers cave
153
Q

robbers cave study

A
  • In-group (the group to who you belong)
  • Mutual interdependence (different groups work together towards a superordinate goal)
154
Q

interpersonal attraction

A
  • Similarity - share similar ideologies and interests “similarity breeds content”
  • Proximity - physical nearness “the mere exposure effect”
  • Physical attractiveness
155
Q

Reciprocal altruism

A

want something in return for favor (scorekeeping)

156
Q

Persuasion/compliance

A

use the reciprocity norm to gain compliance

157
Q

foot-in-the-door

A

fostering cat

158
Q

door-in-the-face

A

ask big to settle for less (that was their goal)

159
Q

lowballing

A

sells men, starts great, but then you get ripped off

160
Q

psychological disorder (4 D’s)

A
  • deviance
  • distress
  • dysfunction
  • danger
161
Q

deviance

A

behaviours, thoughts and feelings that are not social standard (statistical or cultural)

162
Q

distress

A

feeling that are upsetting and cause pain, suffering, sorrow

163
Q

dysfunction

A

feelings are disruptive to ones routine

164
Q

danger

A

feelings may lead to harm or injury to self or others

165
Q

word choice

A

person first : a person with …

166
Q

DSM

A

Created to classify and classify psychiatric and psychological disorders (system)
- Helps clinical, researchers, health insurance agencies, pharmaceutical companies, and forensic experts

167
Q

neurodevelopment disorders

A

Relates to development of the nervous system
- Infancy, early childhood
Impairment
- Social
- Academic
- Behavioral
EX. Autism spectrum disorder (Asperger’s syndrome)

168
Q

Autism spectrum disorder (Asperger’s syndrome)

A
  • Second year of life
  • Difficulty to express emotions, attached to routine, and lack communication skills, can be hypersensitive to touch
169
Q

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

A

Impairment of their function (lost touch with reality)
- Serious mental illness (interferes in daily activity)
- Many end up homeless

170
Q

positive symptoms

A

Behaviours that aren’t there before the onset of a psychotic disorder (delusions, hallucinations, abnormal motor behaviours …)

171
Q

negative symptoms

A

When it subtracts from a person’s behavior or sensory repertoire (diminished emotional expression, flat affect, avolition, alogia)

172
Q

Bipolar and Related Disorders

A

Bipolar = two opposites extremes
- Alternation of mania episodes and depression episodes
Mania : excessive energy interferes with function at significant level

173
Q

Major depressive disorders

A

Long lasting that can affects others surrounding
Major: suicide
Hormonal factors (women 2-3 x more than men)

174
Q

anxiety disorders

A
  • Most common
  • Excessive fear (response to current threats) and anxiety (worrying about future or potential threats)
175
Q

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

A

Somatic: body not mind
Its an intense focus on symptoms of physical illness or pain
Factitious disorder
Indure or cause themselves to be sick to seek treatment

176
Q

feeding and eating disorders

A

Problem of consuming or absorbing nutrients, leads to physical or emotional health problems
- Feeding disorders : tend to be seen in kids (motivation : food preference, intolerance)
- Eating disorder : teens and adults (emotional response)

177
Q

binge eating disorder

A
  • Higher among women
  • Among people seeking to lose weight
  • Loss of control
  • Once per week/3 months
178
Q

Psychopharmacotherapy

A

Use of
- Drugs (psychoactive or psychotropic : target neurotransmitters)
- Surgery
- Electrical stimulation

179
Q

Mood-Stabilizing Medications

A

Bipolar disorder, treats highs (mania) and lows (depression)
Also effective at reducing aggression and agitation
- Lithium, most commonly prescribed mood stabilizer (need to be monitored, frequent blood tests - can damage organ function)
- Anticonvulsant medications (anti seizure medications), enhance availability of GABA (manages manic episodes, with low risks of side effect)

180
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A

Uses electromagnetic currents to stimulate potions of the brain (increases or decreases neural activity), non-invasive
- Side-effects exist, including headache, fainting, and possible seizures.
- Tests of effectiveness show mixed results, and the mechanism is unclear.

181
Q

Psychosurgery

A

Trepanation (open holes in skull), then, prefrontal lobotomy (surgery connected between prefrontal lobe and rest of brain)
- Goal is to reduce the severity of symptoms associated with mental disorders
- Other forms of this procedure can remove or destroy parts of the brain though to be causing mental dysfunction
- Side effects include seizures, cognitive deficits and death

182
Q

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

A

Modern form of psychosurgery
- Involves implanting electrodes into brain to electrically stimulate certain areas

183
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Referred to as talk therapy (personality theory)
Goal to help “individuals identify, change, and overcome problematic thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.”

184
Q

couple and family therapy

A

Addresses all members of a relationship unit

185
Q

psychoanalysis

A

use for unconscious
Tools :
- free association - resistance
- freudian slip
- dream analysis
- transference
- psychodynamic therapy

186
Q

resistance (free association)

A

(underlying anxiety, repression, denial, regression)

187
Q

freudian slip

A

wrong use of word

188
Q

dream analysis

A

manifest, latent content

189
Q

transference

A

when patient redirects feelings into the therapist = breakthrough (making process)

190
Q

psychodynamic therapy

A

Face-to face discussions
- acknowledges the influence of childhood experiences and unconscious

191
Q

behaviour therapy

A
  • Deals with observable behaviours or actions and observable stimuli in the environment
  • Learning theory (behaviour modification)
192
Q

systematic desentization

A

Treatment that aims to replace the anxious response to a stimulus with a relaxed response.
- Relaxation skills
- Fear hierarchy (SUDS)
- Imaginal exposure

  • Fooding with the use of extinction
193
Q

Person-Centered Therapy

A

Rogers
Self-actualizing tendency
- non directed (unconditional positive regard, empathy, congruence)

194
Q

Cognitive Therapy to Treat Depression (Aaron Beck)

A

Addresses dysfunctional thinking by focusing in the connections between how an individual evaluated event and resulting emotions
- The thought record : patients write their thoughts with goal of finding healthier ways of thinking (re-training)
*Cognitive distortions
- All-or-nothing
- Discounting the positive
- Catastrophizing

195
Q

Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy

A

Cognitive triad
Represents beliefs of self, world, and future can make them less susceptible to depression

Cognitive restructuring : patient learn to identify their cognitive distortions, dispute the negative thoughts and develop alternate more positive thoughts

psy 1102 (8 decks)

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