module 13 : social psychology

Question 1

attribution theory

Answer 1

frame work to understand theories behind others actions

Question 2

causes (____/____) x2

Answer 2

1. dispositional/internal causes
2. situational/external causes

Question 3

dispositional / internal cause

Answer 3

encompass personality traits and characteristics of the person (it is something within the person we observe, labeling)

Question 4

situational / external causes

Answer 4

are a function of the environment (it is caused by something outside the person we observe)

Question 5

Kelley’s Covariation Model of Attribution (3)

Answer 5

1. consistency
2. distinctiveness
3. consensus

Question 6

model of attribution : Consistency

Answer 6

more likely to be result of internal factors

Question 7

model of attribution : Distinctiveness

Answer 7

to compare to other contexts

Question 8

model of attribution : consensus

Answer 8

to compare to other people

Question 9

Fundamental attribution error (3)

Answer 9

1. actor-observer bias
2. self-serving bias
3. false consensus effect

Question 10

attribution error : actor-observer bias

Answer 10

self =situational (external)
others = disposition (internal)

Question 11

attribution error : self-serving bias

Answer 11

Success = internal
Failure = external
*To preserve or enhance our self-esteem

Question 12

attribution error : false consensus effect

Answer 12

Overestimate the degree to which other people share our beliefs

Question 13

impression formulation

Answer 13

first few seconds it takes to formulate opinions about others

Question 14

primacy effect

Answer 14

initial impression last the longest, it is hard to erase the negative because its given more weight

Question 15

confirmation bias

Answer 15

when we are more likely to attend facts that are consistent to our first impressions and discard those who oppose to the beliefs

Question 16

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 16

When our attitude affects our behavior. Example: Confidence

Question 17

social influence

Answer 17

Our thoughts and behaviors affected by the presence of others and norms

Question 18

social norms

Answer 18

vary actress context, culture, and time

Question 19

individualistc cultures

Answer 19

Western, individual gains

Question 20

collectivist cultures

Answer 20

eastern culture, collective growth

Question 21

social script

Answer 21

using social cues to provide information on how to act

Question 22

the “Asch effect” (term and def)

Answer 22

conformity
Acting like there’s to blend in but is affected by sex, locus control, and culture

Question 23

group thinking (3 components to poor decisions)

Answer 23

1. overestimating the group
2. closed-mindedness
3. pressure for uniformity

Question 24

overestimating the group

Answer 24

perceived invulnerability, morality

Question 25

closed-mindedness

Answer 25

divergent thinking discouraged, collective rationalization and stereotyped views of an out-group (person vs homogenous group)

Question 26

pressure for uniformity

Answer 26

counter-productive until various alternative solutions have been thoroughly considered Examples: pearl Harbor, Challenger Space-shuttle

Question 27

the milligram experiment

Answer 27

how far is too far (shocking when wrong answer) root of obedience (hitler and nazi)

Question 28

obedience to authority (3)

Answer 28

1. milgram experiment 2. social roles and power of the situation 3. the bystander effect

Question 29

social roles and power of the situation

Answer 29

Stanford prison experiment (Zimbardo) Guards vs prisoners : Supposed to last 2 weeks but ended after 6 days because the rôles were taken to seriously

Question 30

the bystander effect (def + 2)

Answer 30

When less likely to receive help when the number of witnesses increases. 1. diffusion of responsibility 2. pluralistic ignorance

Question 31

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 31

Less accountability when the number of people involved increases

Question 32

pluralistic ignorance

Answer 32

When people fail to act because of uncertainty, staying ignorant to the situation

Question 33

Darely and latane - decision process (3)

Answer 33

1. noticing 2. interpreting 3. assuming responsibility

Question 34

Cultural script of simpatico

Answer 34

“a range of amicable social qualities- to be friendly, nice, agreeable, and good nature”

Question 35

cognitive dissonance theory (Leon Festinger)

Answer 35

When people's attitudes, beliefs and behaviors are inconsistent

Question 36

dissonance-reduction approaches (4)

Answer 36

1. attitude change 2. behavior change 3. attitude distortion 4. behavior distortion

Question 37

stereotype threat

Answer 37

when group is scared of confirming negative expectations

Question 38

prejudice

Answer 38

Learned negative attitudes or opinions towards a certain group

Question 39

discrimination (3)

Answer 39

1. scapegoat 2. realistic conflict theory 3. robbers cave study

Question 40

discrimination: scape goat

Answer 40

1. Target those with less power 2. Feel empowered 3. Minorities target minorities

Question 41

discrimination: realistic conflict theory (2)

Answer 41

1. limited resources 2. competition conflict

Question 42

discrimination: robbers cave study

Answer 42

In-group (the group to who you belong) Mutual interdependence (different groups work together towards a superordinate goal)

Question 43

interpersonal attraction (3)

Answer 43

1. similarity 2. proximity 3. physical attractiveness

Question 44

attraction: similarity

Answer 44

share similar ideologies and interests "opposites attract"

Question 45

attraction: proximity

Answer 45

physical nearness "mere exposure effect"

Question 46

theories of agression (2) + models (2)

Answer 46

1. instrumental agression 2. hostile agression 1. biological models 2. environmental models

Question 47

hostile agression

Answer 47

purpose of inflicting harm

Question 48

instrumental agression

Answer 48

aggression is purposeful and used to achieve a goal (sports)

Question 49

agression: biological model (4)

Answer 49

1. Genetics : Y chromosome (0.6 + aggression) 2. Hormones : testosterone (=violence) and serotonin 3. Brain physiology : limbic system (emotional behavior) and the amygdala (linked to aggression), frontal lobes (impulse) and when affected it can be associated to aggression 4. Alcohol : biological and psychological effects

Question 50

agression: environmental models (3)

Answer 50

1. behaviour modelling 2. social learning - bobo doll (Bandura)

Question 50

Prosocial behaviors / altruism (def)

Answer 50

Helping others (expectation and acknowledgment) / not worrying about the cost or risks (selfless)

Question 51

reciprocal altruism

Answer 51

want something in return (scorekeeping)

Question 52

compliance

Answer 52

to get people to do what you want

Question 53

reciprocity norm

Answer 53

if someone helps us, we should payback

Question 54

Persuasion/compliance (def + 3 méthodes)

Answer 54

use the reciprocity norm to gain compliance 1. foot-in door 2. door in the face technique 3. lowballing

Question 55

compliance: foot-in-door

Answer 55

ask for rides (close places)

Question 56

compliance: door-in the face

Answer 56

ask big to settle for less (that was their goal)

Question 57

compliance: lowballing

Answer 57

sells men