module 13 : social psychology Flashcards
attribution theory
frame work to understand theories behind others actions
causes (____/____) x2
- dispositional/internal causes
- situational/external causes
dispositional / internal cause
encompass personality traits and characteristics of the person (it is something within the person we observe, labeling)
situational / external causes
are a function of the environment (it is caused by something outside the person we observe)
Kelley’s Covariation Model of Attribution (3)
- consistency
- distinctiveness
- consensus
model of attribution : Consistency
more likely to be result of internal factors
model of attribution : Distinctiveness
to compare to other contexts
model of attribution : consensus
to compare to other people
Fundamental attribution error (3)
- actor-observer bias
- self-serving bias
- false consensus effect
attribution error : actor-observer bias
self =situational (external)
others = disposition (internal)
attribution error : self-serving bias
Success = internal
Failure = external
*To preserve or enhance our self-esteem
attribution error : false consensus effect
Overestimate the degree to which other people share our beliefs
impression formulation
first few seconds it takes to formulate opinions about others
primacy effect
initial impression last the longest, it is hard to erase the negative because its given more weight
confirmation bias
when we are more likely to attend facts that are consistent to our first impressions and discard those who oppose to the beliefs
self-fulfilling prophecy
When our attitude affects our behavior. Example: Confidence
social influence
Our thoughts and behaviors affected by the presence of others and norms
social norms
vary actress context, culture, and time
individualistc cultures
Western, individual gains
collectivist cultures
eastern culture, collective growth
social script
using social cues to provide information on how to act
the “Asch effect” (term and def)
conformity
Acting like there’s to blend in but is affected by sex, locus control, and culture
group thinking (3 components to poor decisions)
- overestimating the group
- closed-mindedness
- pressure for uniformity
overestimating the group
perceived invulnerability, morality
closed-mindedness
divergent thinking discouraged, collective rationalization and stereotyped views of an out-group (person vs homogenous group)
pressure for uniformity
counter-productive until various alternative solutions have been thoroughly considered
Examples: pearl Harbor, Challenger Space-shuttle
the milligram experiment
how far is too far (shocking when wrong answer)
root of obedience (hitler and nazi)
obedience to authority (3)
- milgram experiment
- social roles and power of the situation
- the bystander effect
social roles and power of the situation
Stanford prison experiment (Zimbardo)
Guards vs prisoners : Supposed to last 2 weeks but ended after 6 days because the rôles were taken to seriously
the bystander effect (def + 2)
When less likely to receive help when the number of witnesses increases.
1. diffusion of responsibility
2. pluralistic ignorance
diffusion of responsibility
Less accountability when the number of people involved increases
pluralistic ignorance
When people fail to act because of uncertainty, staying ignorant to the situation
Darely and latane - decision process (3)
- noticing
- interpreting
- assuming responsibility
Cultural script of simpatico
“a range of amicable social qualities- to be friendly, nice, agreeable, and good nature”
cognitive dissonance theory (Leon Festinger)
When people’s attitudes, beliefs and behaviors are inconsistent
dissonance-reduction approaches (4)
- attitude change
- behavior change
- attitude distortion
- behavior distortion
stereotype threat
when group is scared of confirming negative expectations
prejudice
Learned negative attitudes or opinions towards a certain group
discrimination (3)
- scapegoat
- realistic conflict theory
- robbers cave study
discrimination: scape goat
- Target those with less power
- Feel empowered
- Minorities target minorities
discrimination: realistic conflict theory (2)
- limited resources
- competition conflict
discrimination: robbers cave study
In-group (the group to who you belong)
Mutual interdependence (different groups work together towards a superordinate goal)
interpersonal attraction (3)
- similarity
- proximity
- physical attractiveness
attraction: similarity
share similar ideologies and interests “opposites attract”
attraction: proximity
physical nearness “mere exposure effect”
theories of agression (2) + models (2)
- instrumental agression
- hostile agression
- biological models
- environmental models
hostile agression
purpose of inflicting harm
instrumental agression
aggression is purposeful and used to achieve a goal (sports)
agression: biological model (4)
- Genetics : Y chromosome (0.6 + aggression)
- Hormones : testosterone (=violence) and serotonin
- Brain physiology : limbic system (emotional behavior) and the amygdala (linked to aggression), frontal lobes (impulse) and when affected it can be associated to aggression
- Alcohol : biological and psychological effects
agression: environmental models (3)
- behaviour modelling
- social learning
- bobo doll (Bandura)
Prosocial behaviors / altruism (def)
Helping others (expectation and acknowledgment) / not worrying about the cost or risks (selfless)
reciprocal altruism
want something in return (scorekeeping)
compliance
to get people to do what you want
reciprocity norm
if someone helps us, we should payback
Persuasion/compliance (def + 3 méthodes)
use the reciprocity norm to gain compliance
1. foot-in door
2. door in the face technique
3. lowballing
compliance: foot-in-door
ask for rides (close places)
compliance: door-in the face
ask big to settle for less (that was their goal)
compliance: lowballing
sells men
