module 15 : treatment of disorders Flashcards
treatment requires (3)
- Objectivity
- Regulated by license boards
- Code of conduct: Ethical and protected
treatment (def)
variety of strategies to help people manage
therapy
guides to be reflectante and introspective to find their own awareness
who provides treatment? (6)
- psychiatrists
- psychologist
- clinical psychologists
- counselling psychologist
- school psychologist
- clinical social workers
psychiatrists
physicians specialized in psychologie and psychiatry
- they and psychiatric nurse practitioners can prescribe medication
psychologists (+3 main areas of specializations)
(Ph.D + Psy. D.)
can provide psychotherapy (talk therapy), may conduct psychological research
1. Clinical psychologists
2. Counseling psychologists
3. Scholl psychologists
Clinical social workers
helps with social networks
therapists
Master degree
- provides counselling services
- or mental health counselling (lifespan)
clinical psychologists
treat people with serious mental illnesses (who do not require meds)
counseling psychologist
work with people who need life-skills training
trepanation
removing portion of skull
institutionalizing (2 ppl)
asylums
1. Phillipe Pixeln
2. Doretha Dix
they argued for more humain treatment and allowing them to return to society
medical model (3)
- medicine drastically changed treatment = end of institutionalizing
- do not include environmental factors
- medical cure somatic, then application of model to mental conditions
efficacy (evidence based treatment)
the ability of research to produce desired outcomes based on research protocols that are strictly controlled (laboratory)
effectiveness (evidence based treatment)
the ability of research to produce desired outcomes based on researched applied in real world setting and population
bio psychological model
because the medical model does not take in account social or cultural factors during diagnosis and treatment
psychopharmacotherapy (3 tools)
- Drugs (psychoactive or psychotropic : target neurotransmitters)
- Surgery
- Electrical stimulation
psychoactive drugs (4 types + symptoms)
- antipsychotic drugs
- antidepressant medication
- anxiolytics (anti anxiety)
- mood stabilizing medication
Symptoms : disordered thinking, delusions, hallucinations
antipsychotic drugs (2 types)
- typical antipsychotics
- atypical antipsychotics
typical antipsychotics
- reduce symptoms of psychosis (hallucinations, disorder thinking and delusions) by reducing dopamine activity
- cocaine and amphetamine works against (stimulant drugs)
typical antipsychotics side effects (+2 important terms)
dry mouth, dizziness, blurred vision
- extrapyramidal symptoms (tremors or rigidity)
- tardive dyskinesia (involuted movement in face)
atypical antipsychotic (+side effects)
block dopamine and serotonin (mood) receptors
- tardive dyskinesia, reduced white blood cell count, poor concentration, weight gain …
antidepressant medication (goal + 3 classes of anti-depression)
imbalance of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine ans norepinephrine)
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- tricyclic antidepressants
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
stimulating effect
- inhabiting enzyme (allow mood influencing neurotransmitters ro remain in the synapse for longer) can have lethal interactions with certain foods
tricyclic antidepressant
inhibiting reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) :
(recycling neurotransmitters)
- most commonly prescribed (higher rates if effectiveness and lower risk of side effects) effects sex life*
- First line treatment : initial attempt to treat depression (it targets serotonin and have little effect on norepinephrine and dopamine)
effectiveness of antidepressant medication
High (placebo plays big role)
Animal tranquilizer is used (Ketamine: acts on glutamate (excitatory neurotransmitter))
Psychotherapy and exercise are big factors to effectiveness
anxiolytics (anxiety meds) (Goal + drug)
considered a sedative (calm)
Benzodiazepines ( and beta blockers)
- increase effectiveness of GABA
- highly addictive
- paradoxal effect (when used longterm, manifest what we avoid)
mood stabilizing meds (goal + 2 drugs)
treats hight and lows (bipolar)
- Lithium (most commonly prescribed mood stabilizer (need to be monitored, frequent blood tests - can damage organ function)
- Anticonvulsant meds (anti seizures) enhance availability of GABA
non -pharmacological interventions (3)
- ECT
- transcranial magnetic simulation
- psychosurgury
ECT
used in case of treatment resistant (when meds don’t work) of depression or schizophrenia
- use of electrical currents to brain to induce seizures
transcranial magnetic stimulation (+side effects)
non-invasive
- increase or decrease brain activity
Side-effects exist, including headache, fainting, and possible seizures.
psychosurgery (+side effects)
instead of trepanation, prefrontal lobotomy (surgery connected between prefrontal lobe and rest of brain)
- Goal is to reduce the severity of symptoms associated with mental disorders
- Other forms of this procedure can remove or destroy parts of the brain though to be causing mental dysfunction
- Side effects include seizures, cognitive deficits and death
psychotherapy (def, goal, types)
(talk therapy) - personally theory
goal “hello individual identify, change, and overcome problematic thoughts, feelings, or behaviours”
- group
- couple and family
group therapy
- Share a common theme
- Group dynamic is important
- Mutual-help group
couple and family therapy
- Addresses all members of a relationship unit
schools of psychology (4)
- insight therapy
- behaviour therapy
- humanistic therapy
- cognitive therapy
transference
(when patient redirects feelings into the therapist) = breakthrough (making process)
insight therapy (tools)
the unconsciousness
psychoanalysis :
- free association
- freudian slip
- dream analysis
- transference
- psychodynamic (childhood)
behaviour therapy
observable behaviours or actions
- Learning theory (behaviour modification)
- classical : counter condition theory aka systematic desensitization, fear hierarchy, flooding
- operant (instrumental) : token economy, voucher-based reinforcement or behavioural activation for depresion
humanistic therapy
help develop stronger sense of identity
Maslow (needs), Rogers (empathy)
- unconditional regard
- empathy
- congruence
cognitive therapy (3 kinds)
thought management technics
1. rational-emotive
2. to treat depression
3. cognitive-behavioural therapy
rational emotive technics (person + 3 concepts)
ABC by Albert Ellis
designed to help patient by challenging irritation beliefs brought agression
- adverse
- beliefs
- consequence
cognitive therapy to treat depression (person + 3 cognitive distortions)
Aaron Beck
thought record (writing down feelings)
for retraining in thinking
1. all or nothing
2. dissenting the positive
3. catastrophizing
all or nothing
black and white thinking -no grey
discounting the positive
believes that positive attributes do not count
catastrophizing
makes negative over exaggerated
cognitive-behavioural therapy (waves)
Behaviour therapy: first wave of psychology
CBT : second wave (info processing problem-approch)
cognitive-behavioural therapy (integrative therapy, Beck)
cognitive triad (self, environment, future)
and cognitive restructuring
cognitive restructuring 3 steps
- patient learn to identify their cognitive distortions,
- dispute the negative thoughts and
- develop alternate more positive thoughts
