module 12 : personality Flashcards
personality
an enduring set of internal characteristics that produce uniqueness and consistency in the way one acts
psychodynamic perspectives
Freud
Neo freudian :
Jung
Adler
Horney
Freuds patients
all girls having “nervous disorders”
Hysteria : “uterus”
Freuds ice berg model
conscious
preconscious
unconscious
conscious
what we are aware of
preconscious
normally unaware, we can retrieve this information from memories
unconscious
most influential part, needs special techniques to access them
tools to access unconscious
hypnosis
free association
dream analysis
free association
freely share our feelings, thoughts, emotions
Therapy
dream analysis
manifest content : what the dreamer remembers
latent content : reflexion of true feelings, underlying meaning
id
how I want to behave
Pleasure principle
- sexual and agressive urges
- animalistic
- basic human needs
ego
how do I behave
Reality principle
- mediates between id and superego
- how to express id in a socially acceptable matter
superego
how should i behave
Based on morality
- compass of what’s right and wrong
- ego ideal and consciousness (pride and shame)
eros
sexual urges
thanatos
agressive impulses
reality anxiety
concerns real life danger (ego)
moral anxiety
when superego is alerted to possibly violate moral code
neurotic anxiety
concerns ego might be aware of id might start acting up
repression
sexual assault
- forget all details
reaction formation
when a closed gay tries to hide behind homophobia
projection
pretending everyone else cheated too to feel better about myself
regression
reacting in a way you would in earlier stage (throwing a fit)
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into something socially acceptable (kink doctor)
denial
refusing the obvious truth
rationalization
trying to justify unacceptable actions
displacement
takes out anger on someone else
5 stages : psychosexual
oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital
oral
pleasure comes from mouth
anal
pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder
phallic
pleasure zone is genitals
latency
dominant sexual feelings
genital
maturation of sexual interests
evaluating freud
his study was bias
when who were seeking help “unhealthy personalities”
Jung’s analytic perspective
collective unconscious and archetypes
collective unconscious
memories and experiences are interconnected though past experiences to other individuals across generations and locations
archetypes
universals thoughts patterns ans behaviours triggered by specific situations
3 (types)
persona
act to get along with others (super ego)
shadow
more dark and primitive side of personality (id)
self
most important, unites other aspects of personality (ego)
Adlers individual perspecticve
Social interest
Supuority vs inferiority complex (when can’t complete stage of development)
Personal achievement
Horneys interpersonal perspective
social security, basic anxiety, basic hostility, moving forward, against, away
social security
feeling safe and love by the people surrounding us
basic anxiety
don’t feel safe or loved in their social circle
basic hostility
emerges when they believe that significant other is not helping to create secure environment
moving toward people
speaking and behaving in a way people with like and take care of them
moving away from people
withdraw emotions in hopes that others not be able to harm them
moving against people
hurt them before they hurt me
evaluating Neo-freudian perspective
- their theories are non-testable
- they expended freud theory into Anthropologie (Jung) and social (Horney)
- learn about unconscious
Humanistic perspective
Maslow
Rogers
Maslow motivational perspective
the hierarchy of needs :
self-actualization
esteem
love/belonging
safety
physiological
physiological
house, sleep, food, sexual
safety
work, property, health, family
love/belonging
friendship, family, intimacy
esteem
self- esteem, respect by others
self-actualization
to reach full potential
rogers self theory
self-concept
self-esteem
conditional positive regard
unconditional positive regard
self-concept
how one perceives their own characteristics, skills, qualities, and abilities
self-esteem
how a person positively or negatively vine themselves based on their evaluation on themselves based on life experience
conditional positive regard
placing limits on the acceptance of a person
unconditional positive regard
acceptance no matter what
evaluating humanistic perspectives
- more positive, encourages self improvement
- questioning the pyramid because everyones socioeconomic needs are different
social cognitive perspective
Bandura
Rotter
Gratification
banduras self-systems
- self system : is a “set of cognitive tools” that people use to observe, evaluate, regulate they behaviours in different situations
- self efficacy: people evaluate their own performances
rotters social learning perspective
locus control : in what degree an individual know what they can and can’t control (or if its outside forces)
internal locus control
they believe they are in control of their lives (better adjusted)
external locus control
they believe they lack control of all events
Learn helplessness : everything that happens is out of their control, they cant prevent anything
the delay of gratification
small quick, or longer but bigger
evaluating the social cognitive perspective
- when watts redid research, they didn’t consider the social context of the individual
- learn conscious awareness
biological perspective
- behavioural genetics
- neurological
- evolutionary
behavioural genetics perspective
considers situational variables (socio-economic status)
- concordance rate : the degree in which characteristics, traits, or disease occurs in one twin to another
concordance rate : mono
r= .47
concordance rate : diz
r= .21
neurological perspective
- physiological factors (hormones and transmitters)
- brain activity (arousal and inhibition)
serotonin
associated with thrill seeking activities
- sensation seekers : desire to take greater and greater risks
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
regulates brain arousal
- Introverts vs extroverts
evolutionary perspective
adaptive responses
- survival and reproduction
survival
- consciousness : health promotion vs risk
- optimism : more likely to have fewer symptoms (feeling in control = better immune system)
reproduction
FII (functionally Infertile Individual)
- functionally infertile, but behaves agains sexual acts
evaluating biological perspective
our behaviour have been shaped with evolution
the trait perspective
seek to identify what trait compromise personality (enduring)
- Eysenck 3 factor
- 5 factor
Eysenck 3-factor theory
PEN
- psychoticism - impulse control
- extraversion -introversion
- neuroticism - emotionally stable
5 factor model
OCEAN
- openness
- consciouness
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism
evaluation of the trait perspective
- traits can be differentiate between people, but personality can be measured on continuum
- personality test do not predict behaviours well
methods for measuring
- personal interviews
- observational assessment techniques
- projective technique
- psychophysiological assessment techniques
observational assessment techniques
- behavioural observations
- self monitoring
- thought sampling techniques
objective self-report technique
fixed format
MMPI test
projective techniques
projective test (lack of reliability, provide verbal material)
- association technique
- construction technique
psychophysiological assesment technique
- electrophysiological measures : heartbeat, muscles tension, sweat …
- biochemical measures : hormones
- EEG (cortical activity)
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
