MODULE 4 Flashcards
outer surface of plant cells that shapes, supports, and protects the cell.
Cell Wall
a plant organelle responsible for carrying out photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
an organelle that is a large, fluid-filled sac that stores metabolites and maintains turgor pressure.
Vacuole
Plant Structural Systems
- Shoot system
- Root System
includes structures above the ground such as leaves, stems, fruits and flowers.
Shoot system
the outermost layer of cells found in all young plants.
Epidermis
is responsible in minimizing water loss and in protecting the cell from bacteria and other organisms that might cause diseases.
Cuticle
includes structures that lie below the ground and considered as the origin of plants such as the roots and tubers.
Root System
consists of cells that form the outer protecting covering of the plants.
Dermal tissue
In roots, epidermal cells have long, and slender projections called ___________. they have the ability to increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals.
Root hairs
In leaves, lower epidermis contains specialized cells called _____________.
Guard cells
In stems, epidermal cells produce hairs called _________ that protect the plant from too much sunlight which help conserve moisture.
Trichomes
Guard cells contain chloroplasts and pores called ________ where gas exchange occurs.
stomata
Most abundant tissue found on plants. They are composed of big and thin-walled cells, with large vacuoles and air spaces in between the cells.
provides support and storage of food.
contribute mainly to penetration of light and regulation of gas exchange.
Parenchyma
fills up the inner part of the plant. It consists of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells.
Ground tissue
composed of thick-walled cells with uneven thickness.
often appears in bundles underneath the epidermis of plants. It is longer and its cell walls are flexible and strong.
it is smaller than parenchyma cells. These cells support immature regions of plants.
Collenchyma
is composed of thick cell walls filled with lignin, with high resistance substance that makes the cells tough and hard.
Cells of ____________ are mostly dead when reach maturity phase.
provides support the matured regions of the plant.
Sclerenchyma
conveys or transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.
contains two types of conducting cells: tracheid and vessel element. Both cells are hollow and nonliving.
Xylem
transports water and nutrients in the plant. It is made up of xylem, phloem, parenchyma, and cambium cells.
Vascular tissue
is an elongated cell with oblique and tapering end walls.
Tracheid
elements are long tubes which are made up of individual cells
that are open at each and are joined end to end to form the tubes.
Vessel elements
transports sucrose and other organic compounds from roots to leaves.
is composed of sieve tube elements which are elongated and are arranged to form continuous sieve tubes. Sieve tubes elements have a cytoplasm but do not have nucleus.
Phloem
consists of tightly packed cells that form continuous layers. It usually covers the body surface,
lines body cavities and forms glands.
Epithelial Tissue
It is made up of single layer of cells. It is classified as
squamous, cuboidal, or columnar, depending on the shape of the cells.
Simple epithelial tissue
are made up of cells that resemble rectangular pillars or columns, with nuclei located near the bottom of each cell. They are found in the lining of the digestive tract, where they efficiently absorb nutrients from the small intestine with the help of microvilli
Simple columnar epithelia
are made up of thin and flattened cells. These are found in the linings of the blood vessels and air sacs of lungs.
Simple squamous epithelia
are made up of box-shaped cells. These are found in the linings of the kidney tubules and other various organs where reabsorption of minerals and other substances takes place.
Simple cuboidal epithelia
consists of two or more layers of cells. The nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal, and vagina are lined with this kind of cells.
Stratified epithelial tissue
consists of cells that secrete molecules. It is classified as either unicellular or multicellular. Unicellular glandular epithelium is made up of single epithelial cell such as mucus-secreting goblet cells within the columnar epithelium lining of the digestive tract.
Glandular epithelial tissue
contains many collagens that are packed together. Compared to loose connective tissue, it has fewer cells, and its ECM is densely packed with collagen fibers.
Dense connective tissue
is the most abundant and most distributed tissue in complex animals. It is made up of different types of cells and is responsible for supporting, connecting, and separating different tissues and organs in the body.
Connective Tissue
is the most widely distributed type of connective tissue. It has an equal number of cells, fibers, and ground substance.
Loose connective tissue
Reticular connective tissue is produced by modified fibroblasts called ________. It supports different organs such as lymphoid. It is also present in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen.
Reticular cells
is a non-vascular tissue that connects bones and joints. It can also be found in the walls of the upper respiratory airways and external ear.
Cartilage
is composed of cells within the extracellular matrix of fibers and ground substance.
Bone
is a fluid connective tissue located in the blood vessels. It consists of formed elements and plasma.
Blood
contains two principal types of cells: the neurons and the
neuroglia.
Nervous Tissue
serves as the primary energy reservoir. It consists of cells filled with lipids called adipocytes.
Adipose tissue
contain cells called muscle fibers which comprised of actin and myosin filaments that are responsible for the movement of animals.
Muscular Tissue
has striated cells with multiple nuclei. It is found in muscles attached to skeleton. It is mainly responsible in voluntary movement of the body.
Skeletal muscle
is made up of spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus each. These cells have no striations. It is found in the walls of digestive tract and blood vessels.
Smooth muscle
is made up of branching striated cells with a single
nucleus each. The wall of the heart is made of ____________.
Cardiac muscle
