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HLTH 342 > Module 3: Male Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Module 3: Male Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

list the functions of the male genitalia

A
  • produce sperm
  • produce androgens
  • transport sperm from the site of production to the vagina of a female
  • eliminate urine
  • provide sexual pleasure
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2
Q

what is the analogous tissue of testicles

A

ovaries

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3
Q

what structure produces sperm

A

testicles

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4
Q

what androgen is created by the testicles

A

testosterone

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5
Q

list the components of the external male genitalia

A
  • penis
  • scrotum
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6
Q

list the components of the external penis

A
  • glans penis
  • corona
  • frenulum
  • shaft
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7
Q

what tissue is the penis made of

A

erectile tissue

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8
Q

describe the glans penis

A
  • head of the penis
  • distal portion of the penis
  • covered by foreskin in uncircumcised males
  • made of erectile tissue
  • richly innervated
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9
Q

what is the analogous structure to the glans penis

A

clitoris

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10
Q

what does corona mean

A

crown/ring

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11
Q

describe the corona

A
  • band of tissue where the shaft of the penis meets the head of the penis
  • surrounds the circumference of the head of the penis
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12
Q

describe the frenulum

A
  • on the backside/underside of the penis
  • connects the glans penis/head of the penis to the shaft of the penis and runs down to the scrotum
  • helps pull the foreskin over the glans of the penis
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13
Q

describe the scrotum

A

sac that suspends/holds the testicles

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14
Q

describe why testicles are suspended outside the body in the scrotum

A

testicles need to be 1-2 degrees cooler than the rest of the body to produce sperm

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15
Q

describe what the scrotum does when it is hot or cold outside

A
  • draw up towards the body when it is cold
  • suspend down away from the body when it is hot
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16
Q

define testicular torsion

A

one testicle twisting around itself inside of the scrotum

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17
Q

what is the average length of the penis erect in the US

A

5.16 inches

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18
Q

what is the average girth/circumference of the penis in the US

A

4.5 inches

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19
Q

which testicles is said to hang lower

A

the opposite testicle of the dominant hand hangs lower

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20
Q

what percent of male babies are circumcised before they leave the hospital

A

80%

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21
Q

define circumcision

A

removal of foreskin

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22
Q

describe how circumcision is performed

A
  • protective metal device is placed under foreskin around the head of the penis
  • the foreskin is draw back and a cut is made parallel to the penis
  • the foreskin is cut around the circumference of the head of the penis until fully removed
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23
Q

list medical benefits of circumcision

A

lower risk of UTI, penile cancer, and STIs (especially HIV)

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24
Q

describe why circumcision can protect against infection

A
  • the foreskin can hold pathogens against the head of the penis
  • removal of the foreskin can made the head of the penis easier to clean
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25
Q

what often causes penile cancer

A

HPV

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26
Q

list the risks of circumcision

A
  • pain
  • bleeding
  • infection
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27
Q

what happens to the risks of circumcision as you age

A

risks increase with age

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28
Q

what does the American Academy of Pediatrics say about circumcision

A
  • benefits outweigh the risks
  • benefits not great enough to recommend universal circumcision
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29
Q

what impacts the decision to circumcise your child

A
  • culture
  • religion
  • personal preference
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30
Q

list the components of male internal genitalia

A
  • testes
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate gland
  • cowper’s/bulbourethral glands
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31
Q

what is the average size of one testi

A

2 in x 1 in

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32
Q

what is the analogous structures of the testes

A

ovaries

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33
Q

what are the main functions of the testes

A
  • produce male sex hormone (testosterone)
  • produce sperm
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34
Q

define seminiferous tubules

A
  • structures inside of the testicle
  • produce sperm
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35
Q

what is the length of seminiferous tubules inside 1 testicle unravled

A

28 inches

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36
Q

where is the epididymis located

A

on the backside (posterior) of the testicle

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37
Q

define epididymis

A
  • consists of tubing that holds sperm after it’s production
  • site of sperm maturation
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38
Q

what is the length of the tubing in 1 epididymis unraveled

A

20 feet

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39
Q

how long are sperm stored in the epididymis

A

2-6 days

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40
Q

what happens to sperm in the epididymis if ejaculation does not occur

A

they die and are reabsorbed into the body

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41
Q

define the vans deferens

A

connects the epididymis to the prostate

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42
Q

define a vastectomy

A
  • permanent sterilization for men
  • tying of the vans deferens
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43
Q

how long is the vas deferens

A

14-16 inches

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44
Q

what is the analogous structure of the vas deferens

A

fallopian tubes

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45
Q

what is the purpose of cilia in the vas deferens

A

move sperm towards the prostate

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46
Q

define seminal vesicles

A
  • before the prostate gland
  • 2 small sacs on each side that secrete fructose for semen
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47
Q

what is the purpose of fructose in sperm

A

gives sperm nutrients

48
Q

what is the majority of semen made of

A

fructose

49
Q

what is the purpose of the liquid component of semen

A
  • fructose is nutrients for sperm
  • helps sperm motility
50
Q

describe the size of the prostate gland

A

size of a chestnut

51
Q

where is the prostate located

A

below the bladder

52
Q

where do the renal and reproductive system join in males

A

prostate gland

53
Q

what does the prostate gland do

A
  • where renal and reproductive systems meet in men
  • secretes prostaglandins
54
Q

what is the purpose of prostaglandins in semen

A
  • propel sperm
  • cause uterine/cervix contractions
55
Q

where are cowper’s/bulbourethral glands located

A

below the prostate

56
Q

describe the size of a cowper’s/bulbourethral gland

A

size of a pea

57
Q

what do cowper’s/bulbourethral glands do

A
  • secrete liquid to lubricate the urethra and balance the pH of the urethra so sperm don’t die
  • secretions are also called precum/pre-ejaculate
58
Q

how many sperm are in ejaculate and how many are in pre-ejaculate

A
  • ejaculate: 300 million sperm
  • pre-ejaculate: 50,000 sperm
59
Q

are the secretions from the bulbourethral glands included in the contents of semen

A

no

60
Q

how long is the urethra in males

A

12 inches

61
Q

what are the two types of erectile tissue in the penis

A
  • corpus sponginosum
  • corpus cavernosum
62
Q

what does corpus mean

A

body

63
Q

where is the corpus sponginosum found

A

surrounding the urethra

64
Q

what is the purpose of the corpus sponginosum in the penis

A
  • vasocongests when aroused
  • protects the urethra
65
Q

what tissue does the urethra run through in the penis

A

corpus sponginosum

66
Q

what is the majority of penile tissue

A

corpus cavernosum

67
Q

what is the corpus cavernosum responsible for in the penis

A
  • rigidity
  • length
  • circumference
68
Q

what runs through the corpus cavernosum in the penis

A

penile arteries

69
Q

list the path of sperm in the male reproductive system

A
  • seminiferous tubules in the testicles
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • prostate
  • urethra
  • urethral opening
70
Q

are the seminal vesicles a passage for sperm

A

no, sperm do not move through the seminal vesicles

71
Q

is the incidence of testicular cancer increasing or decreasing in the US and many other countries

A

increasing

72
Q

is testicular cancer common

A

no

73
Q

how many males will develop testicular cancer

A
  • 1in 250
  • 9300 cases per year in the US
74
Q

what is the average age of diagnosis for testicular cancer

A

33

75
Q

who usually gets testicular cancer

A

young and middle-aged men

76
Q

what percent of testicular cancer cases do men aged 25-44 make up

A

90%

77
Q

what are signs of testicular cancer

A

swelling of the testicle or scrotum

78
Q

describe the growth of testicular cancer

A
  • slow growing
  • doesn’t often metastasize
79
Q

how many men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their life

A
  • 1 in 9
  • 160,000 cases per year in the US
80
Q

how many women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their life

A

1 in 8

81
Q

who usually gets prostate cancer

A
  • older men
  • african american men
82
Q

what percent of prostate cancer cases are men over the age of 65

A

60%

83
Q

what is the average age of diagnosis for prostate cancer

A

66

84
Q

what are the signs of prostate cancer

A
  • trouble peeing as the prostate inflames and cuts off the urethra
  • blood in urine/semen
  • erectile dysfunction
85
Q

describe how to perform a testicle self-check

A
  • in a warm shower to relax the scrotum
  • hold the top of the testicle between the thumb and forefinger and roll gently, feeling for any lumps
86
Q

what is the risk of dying from testicular cancer

A
  • 1 in 5000
  • 400 men die a year from testicular cancer in the US
87
Q

what is the treatment for testicular cancer

A

removal of the testicle

88
Q

does removing one testicle impact fertility

A
  • no
  • the remaining testicle will compensate
89
Q

what is the name of testicle replacements

A

neuticles

90
Q

what are the two prostate cancer screeners

A
  • digital rectal exam
  • prostate-specific antigen test
91
Q

at what age should a man start getting digital rectal exams to screen for prostate cancer

A
  • age 40
  • earlier if they have a family history or are experiencing problems
92
Q

describe a digital rectal exam

A
  • patients leans over the exam table
  • one finger is inserted into the rectum
  • the physician will palpate downwards towards the stomach to feel the prostate
93
Q

what is the prostate-specific antigen test

A

blood test

94
Q

what is prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

A
  • a substance naturally produced by the prostate gland
  • normal to have a small amount of PSA in the bloodstream
95
Q

what would high PSA levels indicate

A
  • prostate infection
  • prostate inflammation
  • prostate enlargement
  • prostate cancer
96
Q

what is the second leading cause of cancer death in men behind lung cancer

A

prostate cancer

97
Q

how many men will die from prostate cancer

A
  • 1 in 41
  • 2.5%
98
Q

how many women will die from breast cancer

A

2.6%

99
Q

do most men who are diagnosed with prostate cancer die from it; why or why not

A
  • most men do not die from it
  • prostate cancer in slow to metastasize and it usually occurs in older men
  • older men will probably die from something else before they die from prostate cancer
100
Q

how many men in the US are alive with prostate cancer

A

2.9 million

101
Q

what is the treatment for prostate cancer

A
  • won’t remove prostate in older men; may cause pain, incontinence, erectile dysfunction
  • medications used to reduce inflammation
102
Q

what is used to gauge the sexual response cycle in men

A

penis: length, diameter, rigidity

103
Q

what are the 4 phases of the sexual response cycle

A
  • excitement
  • plateau
  • orgasm
  • resolution
104
Q

define refractory period

A
  • in men not women
  • resolution time needed before a second orgasm for the contents of semen to be remade
105
Q

what are the physical changes that occur during the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle

A
  • increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
  • penis begins to engorge with blood, partial erection
106
Q

is it possible for a man to have an orgasm and not ejaculate

A

yes

107
Q

does a man have to be aroused to have an erection

A

no

108
Q

does a man having an erection always mean he is aroused

A

no

109
Q

what are the physical changes that occur during the plateau phase of the sexual response cycle

A
  • penis increases in length and diameter
  • testes increase in size
  • glans of the penis vasocongests and turns a deep purple color
110
Q

what is the average length of a flaccid and erect penis

A
  • flaccid: 5 inches
  • erect: 50-100% growth
111
Q

what happens 2-3 seconds before orgasm occurs in men

A
  • fluids are added to the sperm as it reaches the prostate
  • a feeling of inevitability
112
Q

describe the penile contractions that occur during male orgasm

A
  • contractions in 0.08 second intervals
  • first 3-4 are the strongest and expel the semen
113
Q

what is the average duration of orgasm for men

A

25 seconds

114
Q

what are the physical changes that occur during the resolution phase of the sexual response cycle

A
  • vasocongestion dissipates rapidly (30-60 seconds)
  • erection decreases 50% and then goes back to pre-excitement phase
115
Q

what happens to the refractory period in men if they are younger and healthier

A

shorter refractory period

HLTH 342 (9 decks)

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