Module 3: Judgement, Decision-making & Cognitive Bias in a post-truth world Flashcards
What is judgement?
The ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible outcomes
The ability to combine personal qualitities with relevant knowledge and experience to form opinions and make decisions
True or False: Judgement is the core of exemplary leadership
True
What factors can influence judgement?
Past experiences
Personal qualities
Emotions
Peers/Group think
Deductive reasoning and logic
Cognitive bias
Name the basic componenet of good judgement:
Listen attentively, read critically
Learning
Name the basic componenet of good judgement:
Seek diversity, not validation
Trust
Name the basic componenet of good judgement:
Make it relevant but not narrow
Experience
Name the basic componenet of good judgement:
Identify and then challenge Biases
Detachment
Name the basic componenet of good judgement:
Question the solution set offered
Options
Name the basic componenet of good judgement:
Factor in the feasability of execution
Delivery
Name the 6 basic components of good judgement
Learning, trust, experience, detachment, options, delivery
Name the cognitive bias:
The tendency to rely too heavily on the very first piece of information you learn
Anchoring Bias
Name the cognitive bias:
Tendency to pay attention to some things while simultaneously ignoring others
Attentional Bias
Name the cognitive bias:
Placing greater value on information that comes to your mind quickly
Availability Heuristic (The recency effect)
What is cognitive bias?
A systematic error in thinking that occurs when people are processing and interpreting information in the world around them, and affects the decisions and judgements they make
True or False: Cognitive bias ususally occurs on a conscious level
False
What can affect to what extent and what type of cognitve bias we are affected by?
Views, beliefs, suceptibility
Name the cognitive bias:
Favouring information that conforms to your existing beliefs, discounting evidence that does not conform
Confirmation Bias
Name the cognitive bias:
Tendency to over-estimate how much other people agree with you
False Consensus Effect
Name the cognitive bias:
Tendency for post-event information to interfere with memory of original event
Misinformation Effect
True or false: Cognifitve bias operate via an automatic process
True
True or false: Cogntive bias decreases mental efficiency
False
True or false: Cognitve bias can lead to poor decision-making and flase judgements
True
True or False: Cognitive bias only applies to certain people
False
According to Tversky and Kahneman, which two systems are involved in thinking?
Logical, attentive system
Intuitive, fast, automatic system
Which system of thinking is used to solve complex problems, uses a lot fo energy, and can most effectively do one task at a time?
Logical, attentive
Which system of thinking is unconscious, responsible for most of what you say and do, and is subject to influences of own cognitive biases?
Intuitive
How can one improve Learning?
Active Listening
How can one improve trust?
Cultivate sources of trusted advice
How can one improve experience?
Work to expand your experience and assess how well you draw on your own experiences
How can one improve detachment?
Understand, clarify, and accept different viewpoints and be aware of biases
How can one improve delivery?
Think carefully about risks
Weather judgement is based on intuition or logical thinking can be because of:
Available information
Level of trust
Values
How can you recognise truth?
Know your own unconscious bias
Be open to conflicting evidence
Dont accept facts
Look at sources of info
Be cautious about use of questionable information
What is cognitive dissonance?
A situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviours
What does cognitive dissonance produce?
A feeling of mental discomfort and alteration in one of the attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviours to reduce discomfort and restore balance
What are alternative facts?
A statement intended to contradict another more verifiable, but less palatable statement
What is managerialism?
The application of managerial techniques of business to the running or organisations
What industr doe sthe follow apply to in relation to truth:
Marketing and branding, digitial technology influence, media
Creative Industries
What is the post-truth world?
A situation in which people are more likely to accept an argument based on their emotions and beliefs rather than one based on facts
When was the conept of the post truth world first introduced?
1992
By what percentage how the use of the phrase ppost-truth world increased between 2015 and 2016?
2000%
What is agnotology?
The study of culturally induced ignorance or doubt, particualry the publication of inaccurate or misleading scientific data
What contributes to agnology theory?
Government secrecy and supressions
Selective media coverage
Destruction of evidence
Inattention and forgetfullness
What does post-truth symbolise?
Emancipation or freedom from state sponsored truth
True or false: The post truth world introduced the idea of multiple truths?
True
Explaihn the tobacco strategy:
Tobacco comapnies worred about scientific study that linked smoking to cancer lead to science denial with public relations fighting the science
What is the differenc between lies and post-truth?
Lies intentionally try and get someone to believe something but show respect that you want to let them believe you.
Post-truth lies with no accountability
What is the purpose of post-truth?
To get people ready to be dominated, to be ruled
True or false: Belie is tied up with identify, values, trust
True
What are the 5 main types of science denial?
Belief in conspiracy theories
Cherry-picking evidence
Relying on fake experts and denegrating true experts
Illogical reasoning
Insisting science has to be perfect
How does on fight against the post-truth world?
Face-to-face as it builds trust
What is information bias?
Equal time/voice to person on the other side, when there really is no other debate
What two long-cycle trends that shape our understanding of the world?
We are beocming stupider (on a relative basis) (The gap between what we know and what the world knows is growing rapidly)
Business and politics are becoming more interdependent (it is becoming harder to predict the future)
True or false: We foten reach a judgement by building off intutition as opposed to logic
True
True or false: The more simple and sure the issue, the more we tend to trust our intuition
False. The more complex and uncertain the issue, the more we tent to trsut our intuition.
True or false: Emotion beats logic in the art of persuassion
True
What factors have contributed to the increase of popoularity of post-truth world since 2016?
Advancement of digital technology
Approach of media
Attitudes of professionals
Nature of politics
Reference to alternative facts by leaders
