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Applied Psychology > Module 1: Introduction to psychological theory, knowledge, and its application > Flashcards

Module 1: Introduction to psychological theory, knowledge, and its application Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology?

A

The study of the mind and human behaviour

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2
Q

What does psychology aim to understand?

A

Mental functions
Physiological processes
Biological processes
Internal mechanisms

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3
Q

True or false: Psychology helps interpret our own and others actions

A

True

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3
Q

What does psychology ask?

A

How and why we think, feel, act

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3
Q

True or False: Psychology offers no insight into the working of the economy

A

False

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4
Q

How long has psychology been a distinct discipline?

A

Approximately 150 years

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5
Q

Psychology was first recognised as a discipline by who, where, and when?

A

Wilhelm Wundt , Labaratory in Leipzeg, 1879

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5
Q

What methods can scientific data be collected through?

A

Observational Study
Self-report survey
Case study
Experiment
Field experiment
Interview
Program Evaluation
Neuroimaging/Psychophsyiological methods
Twin Study

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6
Q

Why is psychology as a science important?

A

There are limitation to evidence:
mixed findings, outdated findings, long term effects?

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7
Q

What is applied psychology?

A

Applying psychological knowledge and theory to yourself, others, and the world

Applying a deeper understanding of human motivations, behaviour, and mental processes to explain events in a rnage of different areas

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8
Q

Name the 3 different levbels of explanation and theur underlying process

A

Lower (Biological)
Middle (Interpersonal)
Higher (Cultural and Social)

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9
Q

True or false: Psychology has been a science since it was first established

A

True

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10
Q

True or false: Psychology does not rely on scientific evidence and clinical and research fields

A

False

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11
Q

True or false: Scientific evidence is obtained using emperical methods

A

True

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12
Q

True or false: The scientific-practitioner model places emphasis on the integration of science and practice, or “evidence-based practice”

A

True

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13
Q

Describe the difference between research psychologists and psychologist practitioners

A

Research Psychologists create new knowledge

Psychologist Practitioners use existing research

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14
Q

Can intuition always be relied on?

A

No

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15
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

The tendency to think that we could have predicted something that has already occured that we probably would not have been able to predict

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16
Q

What are emperical methods?

A

The process of collecting and organising data and drawing conclusions about those data

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17
Q

What is scientific method?

A

The set of assumptions, rules, procedures that scientists use to conduct emperical research

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18
Q

What are values?

A

Individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another

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19
Q

True or false: Values act as a guide for human behaviour

A

True

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20
Q

True or false: Values can be sacred, are a means to an end, or have intrinsic worth

A

True

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21
Q

True or false: Different values do not lead to conflict

A

False

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22
Q

What does ethical decision making involve interms of values?

A

Weighing values against eachother

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23
Q

True or false: We are not predisposed to believe values and not raised to see them as right

A

False

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24
Q

Where do values originate from?

A

Family, role models, society, culture

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25
Q

We usually maintain the same values over WHAT

A

Time

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26
Q

What is the difference between subjective and objective values?

A

Subjective values have a clear, subjective element

Objective values are classed as ethics and morality

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27
Q

What is conflict rhetoric?

A

When a fact is stated as if it is clearly undesireable or immoral, or a value statement is offered as if it was a fact

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28
Q

True or false: Contenting parties debate factual issues when the conflict is reduced to a value conflict, or vice versa

A

True

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29
Q

True or False: The same set of experts and resources are used to resolve factual and value debates/conflicts

A

False

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30
Q

Facts are WHAT true

A

Objectively

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31
Q

Facts are not based on WHAT biases

A

Pre-conceived

32
Q

Facts are able to be WHAT and WHAT

A

Tested and verified

33
Q

True or false: Some facts are difficult to know

A

True

34
Q

Value judgements are generally WHAT while facts are generally WHAT

A

Biased, Unbiased

35
Q

How can one resolve facts VS Values conflicts?

A

Fact-finding techniques
Joint fact finding
Look at other persons fact frames
Coexistence/tolerance of value conflict
Factor in individual biases

36
Q

What does the work psychology mean?Where does the word pwsychology originate from

A

Greece:
Psyche-life
Logos-Explanation

37
Q

Can factual information change?

A

Yes

38
Q

Can values be considered true or false?

A

No

39
Q

True or false: The distinction between fact and value is always clear-cut

A

False

40
Q

What are facts?

A

Pbjective statements determined to be true through emperical study

41
Q

What are levele of explanation?

A

The perspectives that are used to understand behaviours

42
Q

Why is studying psychology challenging?

A

Predicting behaviour is difficult
Psycholoigcal experiences are complex
Individual difference and variations
Psychologist predictions are probabilistic
Behaviour is multiply determined
Much of human behaviour is caused by unconscious processes

43
Q

List important Question within psychology

A

Nature VS Nurture
Accuracy VS Inaccuracy
Free Will VS Determinism
Conscious VS Unconscious processing
Differences VS Similarities

44
Q

List some psychology career paths

A

Biopsychology and neuroscience
Clinical and counselling psychology
Developmental psychology
Forensic psychology
Health psychology
Industrial-Organisational and Environmental Psychology
Social and educational Psychology
Sports psychology

45
Q

Identify the approach:
Uses introspection method to identify basic elements or structures of psychological experiences

A

Structuralism

46
Q

Identify the approach:
Wilhelm Wundt, Edward B Titchener

A

Structuralism

47
Q

Identify the approach:
Attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects they currently possess

A

Functionalism

48
Q

Identify the approach:
William Jones

A

Functionalism

49
Q

Identify the approach:

Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, memories, and our early childhood experiences in determining behaviour

A

Psychodynamic

50
Q

Identify the approach:
Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson

A

Psychodynamic

51
Q

Identify the approach:

It is not possible to objectively study the mind, therefore psychologists should limit attention to study of behaviour itself

A

Behaviourism

52
Q

Identify the approach:

John B Watson, B F Skinner

A

Behaviourism

53
Q

Identify the approach:

Study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, judgements

A

Cognitive

54
Q

Identify the approach:

Hermann, Ebbinghaus, Sir Frederic Bartlett, Jean Piaget

A

Cognitive

55
Q

Identify the approach:

How social situations and cultures in which people find themselves in influence thinking and behaviour

A

Social-cultural

56
Q

Identify the approach:

Fritz Heider, Leon Festinger, Stanley Schachter

A

Social-Cultural

57
Q

What is introspection?

A

Asking research participants to describe exactly what they experience as they work on mental tasks.

58
Q

Titchener claimed to identify over how many different sensations through introspection?

A

Over 40000

59
Q

True or false: Wundt discovered the difference between the sensation and the perception of a stimulus

A

True

60
Q

What is a limitation of introspection?

A

Importance of the unconscious bias

61
Q

What did Wundt study?

A

The nature of consciousness. It is possible to analyse basic elements of the mind and classify our conscious experiences scientifically

62
Q

What was functionalism influenced by?

A

Charles Darwins theory of Natural selection

63
Q

What is Charles Darwins theory of natural selection?

A

The physical characteristics of animals and humans evolved because they wer euseful or functional

64
Q

Does functionalism still exist as a school of psychology?

A

No

65
Q

What area of psychology has functonalism been absorbed into?

A

Evolutionary psychology

66
Q

Identify the approach:

The extent to which having a given characteristic helps the individual organism survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other members of the species who do not have the same characteristics

A

Evolutionary

67
Q

Many predictions of WHAT psychology are difficult to test

A

Evolutionary

68
Q

Which field of psychology provides logical explanations for why we havemany psychological characteristics?

A

Evolutionary

69
Q

According to Freud, many problems experienced are a result of what?

A

Effects of painful childhood experiences the person could no longer remember

70
Q

Identify the approach:

Remembering unconscious drives through psychoanalysis using talk therapy and dream analysis to explore person’s early sexual experiences and current sexual desires

A

Psychodynamic

71
Q

True or false: Behaviourism identifies that we can predict behaviour without knowing what goes on in the mind

A

True

72
Q

Who was John B Watson (Behavioursim) influenced by?

A

Pavlov

73
Q

Identify the approach:

Burrhus Frederick Skinner

A

Positive and negative reinforcement

74
Q

Identify the approach:

Principle of learning identified

A

Positive and Negative reinforcement

75
Q

What was Skinners research focus?

A

Do we have free will?

76
Q

What did Hermann Ebbinghaus study?

A

Ability of people to remember lists of words under different conditions

77
Q

What did Sir Frederic Bartlett study?

A

Cognitive and social processes of remembering

78
Q

What are social norms?

A

The ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group members and perceived by them as appropriate

79
Q

What is culture?

A

The common set of social norms shared by the people who live in a geographical region

80
Q

True or false: The first psychologists were philosophers

A

True

Applied Psychology (11 decks)

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