Module 3 Flashcards
What are the four kinds of respiration?
PULMONARY VENTILATION
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION and METABOLISM
______________ is also commonly referred to as ventilation or breathing
RESPIRATION
Physiologically, the term respiration refers to the ___________________
GAS EXCHANGE PROCESS THAT OCCURS BETWEEN THE ALVEOLI OR CELLS AND THE CAPILLARIES
____________________ is the process of breathing air into and out of the lungs
PULMONARY VENTILATION
__________________ is the gas exchange process that occurs between the alveoli and the surrounding pulmonary capillaries
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
_______________ can also be referred to as the alvoli/capillary gas exchange
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
_________________ serves to oxygenate the blood and eliminate carbon dioxide in the lungs
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
__________________ is the gas exchange process that occurs between the cells and the systemic capillaries
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
__________________ can also be referred to as cell/capillary exchange
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
_________________ is responsible for delivering oxygen to the cells and removing carbon dioxide from the cell
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
__________________ is also known as aerobic metabolism, and occurs in the cell
CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND METABOLISM
_________________ is the process that breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen, produces high amounts of energy in the form of ATP, and releases carbon dioxide and water as a by product
CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND METABOLISM
The respiratory system is divided anatomically into the ___________ and the ______________
UPPER AIRWAY
LOWER AIRWAY
The ________________ extends from the nose and mouth to the cricoid cartilage
UPPER AIRWAY
Air normally enters the body through the ______________
NOSTRILS
When air travels through the nostrils, is flows over the damp, sticky _______________ lining of the nose
MUCOUS MEMBRANE
The _____________ is a common cause of airway obstruction in the patient with an altered mental status.
TOUNGUE
Tongue obstruction occurs when ____________________ relax.
THE MUSCLES CONTROLLING THE TONGUE (submandibular muscles)
Air entering the body through the mouth and nostrils travels into the ____________
PHARYNX
Air from the nasal passages enters through what is referred to as the _____________________
NASOPHARYNX
Air entering through the mouth travels through the __________________
OROPHARYNX
Both the oropharynx and the nasopharynx enter into the pharynx at ______________________
THE BACK OF THE THROAT
Why must the pharynx be kept clear?
Because obstructions in it can prevent air from traveling to the lower airways, or the substance may be aspirated into the lungs
What happens if something is aspirated into the lungs?
It would interfere with oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the alveoli
What are the two passageways that are found at the lower end of the pharynx?
TRACHEA
ESOPHAGUS
The ___________ is the passageway for air traveling into the lungs
TRACHEA
Food and water are routed to the ________________, which leads to the stomach
ESOPHAGUS
The trachea is proctected by a small, leaf shaped flap of cartilaginous tissue called the ___________________
EPIGLOTTIS
At times, the epiglottis may fail to close, and food or liquid can enter the larynx and the upper portion of the trachea causing ________________
A PATIENT TO CHOKE
If a patient is unresponsive, the ____________________ may not work during swallowing, so that foreign objects, blood, secretions, etc., can enter the trachea and cause an airway obstruction or lung infection
PROTECTIVE REFLEXES
When the muscles controlling the tongue relax in a patient with an altered mental status, the muscles controlling the ________________ also relax
EPIGLOTTIS
In the event that both the tongue and the epiglottis relax, what is the opening that is blocked?
The opening of the larynx (glottic opening)
What is the best method to use to relieve a situation in which the epiglottis and tongue relax closing the path to the trachea and airway?
Perform “head tilt, chin lift maneuver” , or a “jaw thrust maneuver” which will pull the epiglottis up away from the opening of the larynx
The ______________________ contains the vocal cords
LARYNX
The anterior portion of the the larynx is composed of large bulkky ________________
THYROID CARTIALAGE
What is thyroid cartilage normally known as?
ADAM’S APPLE
The ____________________ forms the most inferior portion of the larynx
CRICOID CARTILAGE
The _________________ is the only completely circular cartilaginous ring of the upper airway
CRICOID CARTILAGE
Pressure applied to the ________________ is often used in airway management
CRICOID RING
Pressure applied to the cricoid ring is used to help prevent ________________ and to _______________
FILLING OF THE STOMACH
PREVENT REGURGITATION
The _____________ is a common site of airway obstruction in adults, infants, and children
LARYNX
The ________________ extends from the cricoid cartilage at the lower edge of the larynx to the alveoli of the lungs
LOWER AIRWAY
The ______________ is commonly known as the windpipe
TRACHEA
The _____________ is the passageway for air entering the lungs
TRACHEA
The trachea extends fro mthe larynx to the ______________
CARINA
The ______________ is the point in which the trachea splits into the right and left mainstem bronchi
CARINA
The anterior portion of the trachea is composed of strong ______________________ that provide support and structure
C-SHAPED CARTILAGINOUS RINGS
The posterior wall of the trachea is made up of _________________ and is therefore not a rigid structure
MUSCLE
The _______________ are the two major branches of the trachea, that extend from the carina into the lungs
BRONCI
The __________________ extend from the carina into the lungs, where they continue to divide into smaller sections or branches known as __________________
BRONCHI
BRONCHIOLES
The ________________ become increasingly smaller as they continue to branch
BRONCHIOLES
The _______________ are larger airways that contain cartilage
BRONCHI
The ________________ are lined with msooth muscle and mucous membranes
BRONCHIOLES
The narrowing of the bronchioles causes an increase in __________________ inside the bronchiole, which makes it more difficult for the patient to move air into and out of the alveoli
AIRWAY RESISTANCE
An increase in __________________ causes the patient to work harder to breathe, which may lead to _______________ and failure of the respiratory muscles
AIRWAY RESISTANCE
FATIGUE
The bronchioles terminate in millions of tiny air sacs in the lungs called _________________
ALVEOLI
Each alveoli is wrapped in a web of thin-walled capillaries reffered to as the _________________
PULMONARY CAPILLARIES
The alveoli and pulmonary capilaries is the site for ____________________________
GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE ALVOLI AND THE BLOOD IN THE CAPILLARIES
The _____________ are made out of elastic tissue
LUNGS
The elastic tissue of the lungs causes the lungs to react like a _____________; thus, the lungs material tendency is to recoil and collapse
RUBBER BAND
The lungs are surrounded by two layers of connective tissue called the _________________
PLEURA
What are the two layers of connective tissue called?
VISCERAL PLEURA
PARIETAL PLEURA
The ______________ is the outermost covering of the lung
VISCERAL PLEURA
The ________________ is the thicker more elastic layer of pleura that adheres to the inner portion of the chest wall
PARIETAL PLEURA
Between the two layers of pleura is the __________________
PLEURAL SPACE
The ________________ is a small space that is at negative pressure
PLEURAL SPACE
The pleural space contains a small amount of ________________ that acts as a lubricant to reduce friction when the layers of the pleura rub against each other during breathing
SEROUS FLUID
Since the lung tissue wants to recoil and collapse, it is always tugging inward toward the ______________ of the body
MIDLINE
The ________________ pleura, connected to the chest wall, retains the lung structure nad prevents them from collapsing
PARIETAL PLEURA
The ___________________ between the attached parietal pleura and visceral pleura, creates a “water-glass” effect
SEROUS FLUID
The _______________ is “if a water glass is placed open end down on a flat surface covered with water, then pulled striaght upward, a vaccuum is created between the flat surface and the glass. The water creates a seal. If the seal is broken, air is sucked inward and allows the glass to be moved off the flat surface.
WATER GLASS EFFECT
VISCERAL PLEURAL PULL
The __________________ is continuously creating a vacuum so air from outside the chest gets sucked into the pleural space through the hole in the pleura
The ___________________ is a muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
DIAPHRAGM
The diaphragm is responsible for approximately ________________ percent of the effort of ventilation.
60-70 percent
The passage of air into and out of the lungs is called ________________________
VENTILATION
______________________ is ofte nreferred to as breathing
VENTILATION
__________________ is the process of breathing air in
INHALATION OR INSPIRATION
________________ is the process of breathing air out
EXHALATION OR EXPIRATION
During inhalation, the _________________ and the external _____________________ contract
DIAPHRAGM
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
The process of inhalation bring air into the lungs until the pressure inside the lungs is _______________________
EQUAL TO THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE OUTSIDE THE BODY
Inhalation is an _____________________ because it requires energy to contract the muscles
ACTIVE PROCESS
During exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles ________________
RELAX
Because the process of inhalation involves relaxation of muscles and little energy is expended, it is considered to be _______________
PASSIVE
In some respiratory diseases affecting the lower airway, the patient has a difficult time moving air into and out of the lungs making both inhalation and exhalation ____________ processes
ACTIVE PROCESSES
Respirations are controlled by the _______________ in a variety of ways.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
What are the three respiratory rhythm centers that control impulses being sent to the respiratory muscles from the brain stem?
DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP (DRG)
VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP (VRG)
PONTINE RESPIRATORY CENTER (PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER)
The ____________________ continuously monitor levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in the arterial blood
CHEMORECEPTORS
The ___________________ also stimulate an increase or decrease in impulses fro the respiratory rhythm centers to control the rate and depth of ventilation
CHEMORECEPTORS
The __________________ located in the medulla are most sensitive to changes in blood pH and carbon dioxide, whereas the _________________ located in the carotid areteris and aortic arch are more sensitive to changes in arterial oxygen
CENTRAL chemoreceptors
PERIPHERAL chemoreceptors
tHE RESPIRATORY SYTEM RESPONDS PRIMARILY TO CHANGES IN THE ________________ LEVELS
carbon dioxide
If the carbon dioxide level in arterial blood increases, the chemoreceptors sense the increase and the brainstem sens impulses to the respiratory muscles to increase the __________________ and ____________ of respiration.
RATE AND DEPTH
An increase in respirations results in the increased elimination of _______________
CARBON DIOXIDE
Healthy people breath on a _______________ drive
HYPERCARBIC DRIVE (HIGH CARBON DIOXIDE DRIVE)
When the carbon dioxide level decereases in the blood, the chemoreceptors sense this and send signals to the respiratory muscles to slow down the _____________________
RESPIRATORY RATE
_______________ is much less of a stimulus for breathing in healthy people
OXYGEN
In patients with a category of conditions known as COPD, the ______________ level in arterial bloodis typically chronically elevated as a result of the disease process.
CARBON DIOXIDE
Because of the high carbon dioxide levels as a result of COPD, the chemoreceoptors become relatively ______________________ to changes in carbon dioxide
INSENSITIVE
Chemoreceptors of COPD patients tend to rely on _________ levels in the blood to regulate their breathing
OXYGEN
COPD patients breath on a ___________ drive, since they breathe to increase their oxygen and not to dreduce their carbon dioxide levels
HYPOXIC
If oxygen is provided at high concentrations to a patient with COPD over a long period of time, the oxygen levels in the arterial blood will ___________ beyond a normal level for the patient
RISE
If oxygen is provided at high concentrations to a COPD patient, the _______________ will sense this rise and may send signals to the respiratory muscles to slow down or even stop respirations
CHEMORECEPTORS
Even though respiratory failure could be a complication in the COPD patient _____________ should never be withheld from a patient if he or she needs it
OXYGEN
If respiratory failure should occur in a COPD patient, _____________________ the patient artificially, just as with any patient who suffers respiratory failure or arrest.
VENTILATE
___________________ is the process by which the blood and the cells become saturated with oxygen
OXYGENATION
Oxygenation happens as a result of __________________ and ___________________
INTERNAL RESPIRATION and EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
Internal respiration and external respiration are processes in which fresh oxygen replaces _________________
CARBON DIOXIDE
_________________ is the mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs
VENTILATION
________________ is the physiological process of gas exchange
RESPIRATION
______________________ is a low oxygen content in arterial blood
HYPOXEMIA
Hypoxemia typically occurs from a ___________________ mismatch.
VENTILATION-PERFUSION
A ____________________________ occurs when there is a lack of available oxygenated air in the alvoli even though perfusion to the alveoli is adequate, or when the alveoli are adequately oxygenated but perfusion to the alveoli is poor, or when there is a combination of both poor ventilation and poor perfusion in the alveolar-capillary structures.
VENTILATION-PERFUSION MISMATCH
Other possible causes of ________________ include inadequate ventilator drive, anemia, and carbon monoxide poisoning
HYPOXEMIA
________________ refers to an inadequacy in the amount of oxygen being delivered to the cells
HYPOXIA
________________ is a more general term than hypoxemia which refers only to low oxygen content in the arterial blood
HYPOXIA
____________________ can occur or result from an occluded airway, inadequate breathing, inadequate delivery of oxygen to the cells by blood, or inhalation of toxic gases
HYPOXIA
Tachypnea
Dyspnea
Pale, cool, clammy skin
Tachycardia
Elevation in blood pressure
Restlessness and agitation
Disorientation and confusion
Headache
These are signs of what level of hypoxia?
MILD TO MODERATE HYPOXIA
Tachypnea
]
Dyspnea
Cyanosis
Tachycardia that may lead to dysrthmias and eventually bradycardia
Severe confusion
Loss of coordination
Sleepy appearance
Head bobbing
Slow reaction time
Altered mental status
Seizure
These are all signs of what level of hypoxia?
SEVERE HYPOXIA
In a newborn, _________________ may be an early sign of hypoxia
BRADYCARDIA
Infants and young children normally have higher ____________________ than adults
HEART RATES
An early sign of hypoxia is an alteration in the patint’s _____________________
MENTAL STATUS
______________________ , a bluish gray color is a late sign of hypoxia and may be found in and around several areas of the body, including the lips, mouth, nose , fingernail beds, conjunctiva, and oral mucosa
CYANOSIS
___________________ occurs when adequate amounts of oxygen are no longer attached to the hemoglobin molecules
CYANOSIS
If the patient is displaying any signs of hypoxia, immediately _____________________________________>
ASSESS THE AIRWAY AND ADEQUACY OF BREATHING
If breathing status is inadequate, immediately begin __________________________
POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION
The blood moving into the capillaries is ____________________
DEOXYGENATED
____________________ is found on the surface of red blood cells, is responsible for picking up the majority of oxygen in the blood and carrying it through hthe arterial system to the capillaries throughout the body
HEMOGLOBIN
A disturbance in pulmonary ventilation, oxygenation, external respiration, internal respiration, or circulation can lead to _______________________ and the conversion from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism
CELLULAR HYPOXIA
A severe alteration in perfusion can also cause a decrease in __________________ delivery to the cells
GLUCOSE
without A FUEL SOURCE, the cells will fail to produce energy and will __________________
EVENTUALLY DIE
The noses and mouths of _______________ and ______________ are smaller than those of adults making it easier to be obstructed by foreign bodies, swelling, blood, mucus, and secretions
INFANTS AND CHILDREN
______________ are obligate nose breathers
INFANTS
____________________ MEANS THAT IT IS PREFERRED TO BREATHE THROUGH THE NOSE AND NOT THROUGH THE MOUTH
obligate nose breathing
The ___________________ of an infant or a child is realtively large in proportion to the size of the mouth
TONGUE
An infant or a child is more prone to airway obstruction by _________________________
POSTERIOR DISPLACEMENT OF THE TONGUE
In infants and children less than 10 years of age, the ___________________ is typically the narrowest portion of the upper airway
CRICOID CARTILAGE
tHE CHEST WALL IN AN INFANT OR A CHILD IS _____________ NAD MORE _____________ THAN IN AN ADULT .
softer and more pliable
Infants and children rely more on the _____________ for breathing
DIAPHRAGM
When you perform artificial ventilation on an infant or child, the chest should ___________________
EXPAND AND RISE EASILY
Because the chest expands so easily on an infant or child, it is much easier for the EMT to ___________________ the lungs and cause possible lung injury
OVERINFLATE
Infants and children are smaller and have more limited _________________ than adults
OXYGEN RESERVES
Children and infants have twice the _______________ rate of adults
METABOLIC
The smaller reserve of oxygen and greater metabolic rate of infants and children will cause them to become ___________________ more rapidly than adult patients
HYPOXIC
_____________________ is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in chldren
HYPOXIA
A _________________ is necessary for adequate breathing and oxygenation
PATENT AIRWAY
The airway and respiratory tract is the conduit that allows air to move from the atmosphere and into the _________________________ for gas exchange
ALVEOLI
No matter what the patient’s condition, the ____________ must remain open at all times
AIRWAY
The degree of the ______________________ will directly affect the amount of air available for gas exchange
OBSTRUCTION
The mental status of a patient typically correlates well with the status of his or her __________________
AIRWAY
An alert, responsive patient who is talking to you in a normal voice has an ____________________
PATENT AIRWAY
