Module 20 Flashcards
What is the difference between nociceptive and neuropathic pain?
Nociceptive pain is due to tissue injury; neuropathic pain results from nerve damage.
What is the difference between pain threshold and pain tolerance?
Pain threshold is the minimum intensity at which pain is perceived; pain tolerance is the maximum intensity a person is willing to endure.
What are the types of pain based on location and characteristics?
Cutaneous, deep somatic, visceral, referred, acute, chronic, neuropathic, neuralgia, phantom limb pain.
What are the 5 major types of headaches?
Migraine, cluster, tension-type, chronic daily, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) headache.
What is conjunctivitis and how is it transmitted?
Inflammation of the conjunctiva (red eye); commonly transmitted via direct contact.
What are key symptoms of conjunctivitis?
Redness, itching, photophobia, foreign body sensation, and discharge (watery in viral/allergic; mucopurulent in bacterial).
What is a cataract and what causes it?
Lens opacity leading to reduced light transmission; caused by aging, trauma, diabetes, corticosteroids, and sunlight exposure.
What are clinical manifestations of cataracts?
Blurred vision, glare, improved vision in dim light, and light halos.
Damage to small retinal vessels causing hemorrhages, exudates, and vision loss.
diabetic retinopathy
What causes retinal detachment, and why is it an emergency?
Separation of retina from underlying tissue; it can cause permanent vision loss if untreated.
What are early signs of retinal detachment?
Flashing lights, floaters, a curtain-like shadow over vision.
What is AMD and its main symptom?
Degeneration of the macula causing irreversible loss of central vision.
What are the two types of AMD?
Dry (geographic atrophy) and wet (neovascularization with bleeding and fluid leakage).
What are risk factors for AMD?
Age, smoking, poor nutrition, genetics, obesity.
Visual distortion; may signal progression from dry to wet AMD.
metamorphopsia
What is normal intraocular pressure (IOP)?
9–21 mmHg.
What causes increased IOP in open-angle glaucoma?
Obstruction in the trabecular meshwork despite an open iridocorneal angle.
What are symptoms of angle-closure glaucoma?
Sudden ocular pain, blurred vision, halos, nausea, and fixed pupil.
What distinguishes open-angle from angle-closure glaucoma?
Open-angle is gradual and asymptomatic; angle-closure is sudden and symptomatic.
What causes conductive hearing loss?
Blocked sound conduction due to earwax, otitis media, or otosclerosis.
What causes sensorineural hearing loss?
Damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve from trauma, drugs, or Ménière disease.
What is the difference between AOM and OME?
AOM is acute and often bacterial with symptoms; OME has fluid in the middle ear but no infection signs.
What are common bacteria causing AOM?
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis.
What are signs of AOM in children under 3?
Ear tugging, irritability, poor feeding, sleep disturbance.
