Module 17 Flashcards
What is the most sensitive indicator of kidney function?
Urinary creatinine clearance.
Why is serum creatinine useful?
Best for monitoring chronic kidney disease.
Why is BUN less sensitive than creatinine?
It is influenced by hydration, diet, and GI bleeding.
What disorders increase BUN?
Dehydration, GI bleeding, AKI, CKD.
What causes glomerular injury?
Immune complexes, antibodies, complement activation.
What are key symptoms of glomerular disorders?
Hematuria, proteinuria, azotemia, hypertension.
Nephritic vs Nephrotic syndrome?
Nephritic: Hematuria + mild proteinuria; Nephrotic: Heavy proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia.
Cause of postinfectious glomerulonephritis?
Group A strep throat or skin infection.
Symptoms of postinfectious glomerulonephritis?
Cola-colored urine, edema, hypertension, ↓ urine output.
What are the 4 types of renal stones?
Calcium (most common), uric acid, struvite (UTIs), cystine.
What causes renal colic?
Obstruction by kidney stone.
Renal colic symptoms?
Severe flank pain, N/V, radiating pain.
Difference between azotemia and uremia?
Azotemia: ↑ BUN/creatinine; Uremia: symptoms + lab findings.
What are risk factors for acute kidney injury?
Diabetes, nephrotoxins, elderly, dehydration.
What is a prerenal AKI cause?
Low blood flow to kidneys (e.g. shock, hemorrhage).
What is an intrarenal AKI cause?
Tubular damage (e.g. nephrotoxins, glomerulonephritis).
What is a postrenal AKI cause?
Obstruction (e.g. stones, BPH).
Symptoms of prerenal AKI?
↓ urine output, ↓ GFR, low sodium excretion.
What are the phases of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
Initiation, Maintenance, Recovery.
What are the top causes of CKD?
Diabetes and hypertension.
How is CKD diagnosed?
GFR < 60 mL/min for > 3 months, or proteinuria.
What causes anemia in CKD?
↓ erythropoietin, iron deficiency.
What causes bone disease in CKD?
↑ PTH, ↓ vitamin D activation → calcium loss from bone.
What are CKD complications related to cardiovascular health?
Hypertension, heart disease, dyslipidemia.
What are CKD GI symptoms?
Anorexia, nausea, uremic breath, ulcers.
What electrolyte imbalance is common in CKD?
Hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis.
What skin issues are associated with CKD?
Dryness, pruritus, uremic frost, Terry nails.
What immunologic issues occur in CKD?
Impaired immunity, higher infection risk.
What are neuromuscular complications in CKD?
Neuropathy, restless legs, encephalopathy.
What causes UTIs?
E. coli (most common), entry via urethra.
What are UTI risk factors?
Catheters, diabetes, female sex, age, BPH.
What are the 4 main types of UTI?
Cystitis, interstitial cystitis, acute and chronic pyelonephritis.
What are acute cystitis symptoms?
Frequency, urgency, dysuria, foul urine.
What are elderly UTI symptoms?
Confusion, fatigue, weakness, no fever.
What causes interstitial cystitis?
Bladder lining damage → chronic inflammation.
What is the cause of acute pyelonephritis?
Ascending UTI, often E. coli.
What are acute pyelonephritis symptoms?
Flank pain, fever, chills, dysuria, CVA tenderness.
What causes chronic pyelonephritis?
Repeated infection/obstruction → scarring.
What are chronic pyelonephritis symptoms?
Polyuria, nocturia, HTN, CKD progression.
What are the types of urinary incontinence?
Stress, urge, overflow, mixed.
