Module 17 Flashcards
What is the most sensitive indicator of kidney function?
Urinary creatinine clearance.
Why is serum creatinine useful?
Best for monitoring chronic kidney disease.
Why is BUN less sensitive than creatinine?
It is influenced by hydration, diet, and GI bleeding.
What disorders increase BUN?
Dehydration, GI bleeding, AKI, CKD.
What causes glomerular injury?
Immune complexes, antibodies, complement activation.
What are key symptoms of glomerular disorders?
Hematuria, proteinuria, azotemia, hypertension.
Nephritic vs Nephrotic syndrome?
Nephritic: Hematuria + mild proteinuria; Nephrotic: Heavy proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia.
Cause of postinfectious glomerulonephritis?
Group A strep throat or skin infection.
Symptoms of postinfectious glomerulonephritis?
Cola-colored urine, edema, hypertension, ↓ urine output.
What are the 4 types of renal stones?
Calcium (most common), uric acid, struvite (UTIs), cystine.
What causes renal colic?
Obstruction by kidney stone.
Renal colic symptoms?
Severe flank pain, N/V, radiating pain.
Difference between azotemia and uremia?
Azotemia: ↑ BUN/creatinine; Uremia: symptoms + lab findings.
What are risk factors for acute kidney injury?
Diabetes, nephrotoxins, elderly, dehydration.
What is a prerenal AKI cause?
Low blood flow to kidneys (e.g. shock, hemorrhage).
What is an intrarenal AKI cause?
Tubular damage (e.g. nephrotoxins, glomerulonephritis).
What is a postrenal AKI cause?
Obstruction (e.g. stones, BPH).
Symptoms of prerenal AKI?
↓ urine output, ↓ GFR, low sodium excretion.
What are the phases of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
Initiation, Maintenance, Recovery.
What are the top causes of CKD?
Diabetes and hypertension.
How is CKD diagnosed?
GFR < 60 mL/min for > 3 months, or proteinuria.
What causes anemia in CKD?
↓ erythropoietin, iron deficiency.
What causes bone disease in CKD?
↑ PTH, ↓ vitamin D activation → calcium loss from bone.
What are CKD complications related to cardiovascular health?
Hypertension, heart disease, dyslipidemia.
