Module 13 Flashcards
What are the three types of influenza?
A, B, and C
How is influenza transmitted?
Through aerosols or direct contact.
What differentiates typical from atypical pneumonia?
Typical: Bacterial.
A granulomatous lesion with macrophages and inactive TB bacteria
Ghon focus
What causes bronchiolitis in infants?
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).
What are the types of pleural effusion?
Hydrothorax: serous fluid
Empyema: pus
Chylothorax: lymph
Hemothorax: blood
Air enters pleural space and cannot escape.
tension pneumothorax
Emphysema patients with increased respiration and dyspnea.
Pink Puffers
What is the diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis?
Sweat test (chloride > 60 mEq/L).
Low blood oxygen despite high oxygen administration.
Refractory hypoxemia
What are the diagnostic criteria for acute respiratory failure?
PaO2 ≤ 60 mm Hg.
What are common clinical manifestations of pneumonia?
Fever.
What are the main types of non-small cell lung cancer?
Large cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
What distinguishes small cell lung cancer from other types?
Very rapid growth.
What are the signs of respiratory distress in infants?
Nasal flaring.
What is the pathophysiology of asthma?
Inflammatory response causing bronchoconstriction.
What is the hallmark sign of chronic bronchitis?
Persistent productive cough for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years.
What causes pulmonary embolism most commonly?
Thrombus originating from deep veins in the legs (DVT).
What are the diagnostic tests for tuberculosis?
TST (tuberculin skin test).
Right-sided heart failure caused by chronic lung disease or pulmonary hypertension.
Cor Pulmonale
What clinical signs may suggest acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
Dyspnea.
What distinguishes hypoxemia from hypercapnia?
Hypoxemia is low oxygen in the blood; hypercapnia is elevated CO₂ in the blood.
What are the three infection types related to influenza?
Rhinotracheitis,Viral pneumonia,Respiratory viral infection
What is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
What are the expected clinical manifestations of bacterial pneumonia?
Fever.
What are the expected clinical manifestations of atypical pneumonia?
Low-grade fever.
What organism causes tuberculosis (TB)?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
A granulomatous lesion containing macrophages
Ghon complex in TB
What is the screening test used to detect TB exposure?
Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) using purified protein derivative (PPD).
What are risk factors for lung cancer?
Smoking.
Which type of lung cancer has the poorest prognosis?
Small cell lung cancer.
What are the expected clinical manifestations of lung cancer?
Chronic cough.
What is the difference between croup, epiglottitis, and acute bronchiolitis in children?
Croup causes a barking cough.
What is a pleural effusion and its common causes?
Fluid in the pleural space caused by CHF.
What distinguishes an open pneumothorax from a tension pneumothorax?
Open allows air in and out; tension traps air.
What are the types of obstructive airway disorders?
Asthma
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Air trapping from alveolar overdistention increases the anterior-posterior diameter.
Barrel chest in emphysema
Genetic mutation in chloride transport leading to thick mucus and obstructed airways.
pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis
What is the gold standard for diagnosing active TB?
Sputum culture for acid-fast bacilli.
A blockage in the pulmonary artery by a thrombus
Pulmonary embolism
What are the three major risk factors for pulmonary embolism?
Venous stasis
Vessel injury
Hypercoagulability
Right-sided heart failure due to chronic lung disease or pulmonary hypertension.
cor pulmonale
