Module 2: Philosophy vs. Psychology

Question 1

Reliability

Answer 1

one in which if you use that measure a lo, you tend to get the same answer

NOTE: something must be reliable BEFORE it can be valid

Question 2

Validity

Answer 2

accuracy of measured material

Question 3

Self-Reporting

Answer 3

PROS

1. really easy to administer and measure
2. you can do it
3. who knows you better than you
4. measure a variety of things

CONS

1. issues of bias
2. requires to use cognitive abilities that may be limited
3. social desirability concerns: might try to look good or bad

Question 4

Informant Report

Answer 4

someone who knows you, provides information about you (can be less biased)
CONS:
1. more costly
2. other people might not have access to some of our internal experiences

Question 5

Correlation

Answer 5

a stat that represents the relationship between 2 variables
-1 (as one thing goes up, the other goes down)
0 (weakest correlation)_
Maybe 2 things cna be correlated with a 3rd variable (correlation does not mean causation)

Question 6

Independent Variable

Answer 6

observe and measure

Question 7

Dependent Variable

Answer 7

measure any impact

Question 8

Random Assignment

Answer 8

participants dont get to pick which condition they are in

Question 9

Confounds

Answer 9

things that could undermine your ability to draw casual interences

Question 10

Participant demand

Answer 10

participants try to behave in a way they think the experimenter wants them to behave

Question 11

Correlational Design

Answer 11

when scientists passively observe and measure phenomena, to identify patterns of relationships

• Correlational Coefficient: provides info about the direction/strength of the association between 2 variables
• High R: strong correlation
• Low R: weak correlations
• 0 R: unrelated correlations

Question 12

Qualitative Design

Answer 12

participant observation, case studies, and narrative analysis

a) case studies: those of freud
b) narrative analysis: centers around the study of stories and personal accounts of people, groups, or cultures

Question 13

Quasi-Experimental Desin

Answer 13

experimental research involving existing group memberships

Question 14

Longitudinal Studies

Answer 14

track the same people over time

Question 15

Surveys

Answer 15

a way of gathering info, using old-fashioned questionnaires or the internet

Question 16

Internal vs. External vs. Ecological Validity

Answer 16

Internal: degree to which a study allows unambiguous causal inferences

External: degree to which a study ensures that potential findings apply to the settings and samples other than the ones being studied

Ecological: degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life

Question 17

How to study: Daily Experiences

Answer 17

1. experiencing sampling method
2. ecological momentary assessment
3. diary method (collect in the moment self report data directly from people as they go about their daily lives)
4. Day Reconstruction Method (DRM): obtain info about a person’s final exp w/out burden of collecting a given day respectively

Question 18

How to study: Daily Physiologuy

Answer 18

What are the daily experiences that make our blood boil?

How do our neurotransmitters and hormones respond to the stressors we encounter in our lives ?

Question 19

How to study: Online Behavior

Answer 19

Study virtual language behavior (linguistic analyses)

Question 20

Full Cycle Psychology

Answer 20

researchers use

1) naturalistic observation to determine an effect’s presence in the real world
2) theory to determine what processes underly the effect,
3) experimentation to verify the effect and its underlying processes
4) return to the natural environment to corroborate the experimental findings