Module 2: Philosophy vs. Psychology Flashcards
Reliability
one in which if you use that measure a lo, you tend to get the same answer
NOTE: something must be reliable BEFORE it can be valid
Validity
accuracy of measured material
Self-Reporting
PROS
- really easy to administer and measure
- you can do it
- who knows you better than you
- measure a variety of things
CONS
- issues of bias
- requires to use cognitive abilities that may be limited
- social desirability concerns: might try to look good or bad
Informant Report
someone who knows you, provides information about you (can be less biased)
CONS:
1. more costly
2. other people might not have access to some of our internal experiences
Correlation
a stat that represents the relationship between 2 variables
-1 (as one thing goes up, the other goes down)
0 (weakest correlation)_
Maybe 2 things cna be correlated with a 3rd variable (correlation does not mean causation)
Independent Variable
observe and measure
Dependent Variable
measure any impact
Random Assignment
participants dont get to pick which condition they are in
Confounds
things that could undermine your ability to draw casual interences
Participant demand
participants try to behave in a way they think the experimenter wants them to behave
Correlational Design
when scientists passively observe and measure phenomena, to identify patterns of relationships
- Correlational Coefficient: provides info about the direction/strength of the association between 2 variables
- High R: strong correlation
- Low R: weak correlations
- 0 R: unrelated correlations
Qualitative Design
participant observation, case studies, and narrative analysis
a) case studies: those of freud
b) narrative analysis: centers around the study of stories and personal accounts of people, groups, or cultures
Quasi-Experimental Desin
experimental research involving existing group memberships
Longitudinal Studies
track the same people over time
Surveys
a way of gathering info, using old-fashioned questionnaires or the internet
Internal vs. External vs. Ecological Validity
Internal: degree to which a study allows unambiguous causal inferences
External: degree to which a study ensures that potential findings apply to the settings and samples other than the ones being studied
Ecological: degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life
How to study: Daily Experiences
- experiencing sampling method
- ecological momentary assessment
- diary method (collect in the moment self report data directly from people as they go about their daily lives)
- Day Reconstruction Method (DRM): obtain info about a person’s final exp w/out burden of collecting a given day respectively
How to study: Daily Physiologuy
What are the daily experiences that make our blood boil?
How do our neurotransmitters and hormones respond to the stressors we encounter in our lives ?
How to study: Online Behavior
Study virtual language behavior (linguistic analyses)
Full Cycle Psychology
researchers use
1) naturalistic observation to determine an effect’s presence in the real world
2) theory to determine what processes underly the effect,
3) experimentation to verify the effect and its underlying processes
4) return to the natural environment to corroborate the experimental findings
