Module 11: Early Development

Question 1

Attachment Behavioral System

Answer 1

a motivational system adopted through evolution for a young child to maintain proximal distance to his/her attachment figure

Question 2

Attachment Figure

Answer 2

a caregiver who provides support, protection, and care

Question 3

Attachment Behaviors

Answer 3

Behaviors and signals that attract the attention of a primary attachment figure and function to prevent separation from that individual or to reestablish proximity to that individual (e.g., crying, clinging)

Question 4

The Strange Situation

Answer 4

lab task that involves separating an infant from their parent over a 20 min period, with reunited

Question 5

Attachment Patterns (Styles) (Orinetations)

Answer 5

Individual differences in how securely (vs. insecurely) people think, feel, and behave in attachment relationships.

Question 6

Secure Attachment

Answer 6

Infants become upset when parents leave the room and then are easily comforted when they come back

• parents responsive to needs
• Children more likely to have high functioning relationships with ppers, to be evaluated favorable by teachers and to persist with more diligence in challenging tasks

Question 7

Anxious Resistant Attachment

Answer 7

Infants become extremely distressed and have a difficult time being soothed by parents and might want to punish them for leaving

• Parents insensitive to needs/inconsistent/rejecting in care they provide
• Children more likely to be bullies, have difficult time building and maintaining friendships

Question 8

Avoidant

Answer 8

infants are not stressed by separation and upon return, avoid seeking contact with their parent

• Parents insensitive to needs/inconsistent/rejecting in care they provide
• Children more likely to be bullies, have difficult time building and maintaining friendships

Question 9

Cognitive Development

Answer 9

cthe development of thinking across the lifespan, it is about change

Question 10

4 Stages of CD

Answer 10

1) Sensorimotor
2) Preoperational Reasoning
3) Concrete Operational Reasoning
4) Formal Operational Reasoning

Question 11

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 11

Birth - 2 yrs
children come to represent the enduring objects of reality
- Mental representations are limited
- Object Permanence; Piagetian task in which infants below about 9 months of age fail to search for an object that is removed from their sight and, if not allowed to search immediately for the object, act as if they do not know that it continues to exist.

Question 12

Preoperational Reasoning Stage

Answer 12

2 - 6/7 yrs
children can represent objects through drawing and language but cannot solve logical reasoning problems, such as the conservation problems
- language development
- Conservation Problem: Problems pioneered by Piaget in which physical transformation of an object or set of objects changes a perceptually salient dimension but not the quantity that is being asked about.

Question 13

Concrete Operational Reasoning Stage

Answer 13

67 - 11/12 yrs

children can think logically about concrete situations but not engage in systematic scientific reasoning

Question 14

Formal Operational Reasoning Stage

Answer 14

11/12 yrs - life

adolescents may gain the reasoning powers of educated adults

Question 15

Stage 1: Image-Making

Answer 15

Stage during pregnancy when parents consider what it means to be a parent and plan for changes to accommodate a child.

• Develop ideas about what it will be like to be a parent
• Indiv. Evaluate their relationships with their own parents

Question 16

Stage 2: Nurturing Stage

Answer 16

Stage from birth to around 18-24 months in which parents develop an attachment relationship with child and adapt to the new baby.
- Parents reshape their conceptions of themselves and their identity

Question 17

Stage 3: Authority Stage

Answer 17

Stage from approximately 2 years to age 4 or 5 when parents create rules and figure out how to effectively guide their children’s behavior.
- Decide how strictly they should enforce rules and what to do when rules are broken\

Question 18

Stage 4: Interpretive Stage

Answer 18

Stage from age 4or 5 to the start of adolescence when parents help their children interpret their experiences with the social world beyond the family.

• When children enter school → to beginning of adolencese
• Parents answer children’s questions, provide explanations, and determine what behaviors/values to teach
• Parents have experience in parenting and often reflect on their strengths and weaknesses as parents

Question 19

Stage 5: Interdependent Stage

Answer 19

Stage during teenage years when parents renegotiate their relationship with their adolescent children to allow for shared power in decision-making.

• Parents redefine their authority and renegotiate
• Children do not permit them to have complete autonomy
• Adapt relationship to allow for greater negotiation and discussion about rules and limits

Question 20

Stage 6: Departure Stage

Answer 20

Stage at which parents prepare for a child to depart and evaluate their successes and failures as parents.

• Evaluate the entire experience of parenting
• Transition to new era in parents lives
• Parenting role must be redefined as a less central role in a parent’s identity