Module 10: Classical Conditioning

Question 1

Classical (Pavlovian Conditioning)

Answer 1

1) Neutral stimulus (Conditioned Stimulus CS) paired with unconditioned stimulus (US)
2. CS begins to elicit a Conditioned Response (CR)

• is strongest if the CS and US are intense/salient
• come under stimulus control involve choice

Question 2

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 2

stimulus that elicits response before conditioning occurs

Question 3

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 3

an innate response that is elicited before conditioning

Question 4

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 4

initially neutral response that elicits a conditioned response after it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 5

response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has taken place ( usually same as UR)

Question 6

Operant (instrumental) Conditioning

Answer 6

When a behavior is associated with the occurrence of a significant event

Question 7

Operant Behavior

Answer 7

voluntary behavior that makes you operate on the environment

Question 8

Reinforcers

Answer 8

strengthen the desire to engage with the environment in a particular manner

Question 9

Law of Effect

Answer 9

when a behavior has a positive effect or consequence, it is likely to be repeated in the future. When a behavior has a negative effect, it is less likely to be repeat in the future

Question 10

Punishers

Answer 10

effects that decrease behaviors

Question 11

Conditioned Compensatory Responses

Answer 11

a conditioned response that opposes, rather than is the same as, the unconditioned response. It functions to reduce the strength of the unconditioned response. Often seen in conditioning when drugs are used as unconditioned stimuli.

Question 12

Blocking

Answer 12

the finding that no conditioning occurs to a stimulus if it is combined with a previously conditioned stimulus during conditioning trials.
- Suggests that information, surprise value, or prediction error is important in conditioning.

Question 13

Prediction Error

Answer 13

the chance that a conditioned stimulus wont lead to the expected outcome q

Question 14

Preparedness

Answer 14

an organism’s evolutionary history can make it easy to learn a particular association.
- humans are more likely to associate images of spiders and snakes than flowers and mushrooms with aversive outcomes like shocks.

Question 15

Extinction

Answer 15

Decrease in the strength of a learned behavior that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or when the behavior is no longer reinforced (in instrumental conditioning)
- extinguished traints

Question 16

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 16

following a lapse in exposure to the CS after extinction has occurred, sometimes re-exposure to the CS (e.g., the smell of chalkboards) can evoke the CR again (e.g., the agony of detention)

Question 17

Renewal Effect

Answer 17

Recovery of an extinguished response that occurs when the context is changed after extinction.

Question 18

Context

Answer 18

stimuli that are in the background whenever learning occurs

Question 19

Stimulus Control

Answer 19

when an operant behavior is controlled by a stimulus that precede it

Question 20

Discrimintative Stimulus

Answer 20

the stimulus controlling the operant response (ex: canvas for a painting)

Question 21

Categorize

Answer 21

sort or arrange stimuli into different classes of categories

Question 22

Reinforcer Devaluation Effect

Answer 22

animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable

Question 23

Goal-Directed

Answer 23

influence of a stimulus by the current value of its associated goal

Question 24

Habit

Answer 24

Automatic and routine behaviors

Question 25

Response (R) - Outcome (O)

Answer 25

Instrumental

Question 26

Stimulus (S) - Outcome (O)

Answer 26

Classical

Question 27

Stimulus (S) - Response (R)

Answer 27

Habit learning

Question 28

[S - (R-O)]

Answer 28

Response Reinforcer relationship

Question 29

Observational Learning

Answer 29

Learning by observing others

1) Attention: paying attention to what is being observed
2) Retention: one must be able to retain the behavior s/he is observing in memory
3) Initiation: must be able to execute the learned behavior
4) Motivation: to engage in learning

Question 30

Social Learning Theory

Answer 30

indiv can learn novel responses via observation of key others behaviors

Question 31

Social Models

Answer 31

authorities that are targets for observation and who model others
- typically of higher status or authority

Question 32

Vicarious Reinforcement

Answer 32

Learning that occurs by observing the punishment of another person