Module 10: Classical Conditioning Flashcards
Classical (Pavlovian Conditioning)
1) Neutral stimulus (Conditioned Stimulus CS) paired with unconditioned stimulus (US)
2. CS begins to elicit a Conditioned Response (CR)
- is strongest if the CS and US are intense/salient
- come under stimulus control involve choice
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
stimulus that elicits response before conditioning occurs
Unconditioned Response (UR)
an innate response that is elicited before conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
initially neutral response that elicits a conditioned response after it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)
response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has taken place ( usually same as UR)
Operant (instrumental) Conditioning
When a behavior is associated with the occurrence of a significant event
Operant Behavior
voluntary behavior that makes you operate on the environment
Reinforcers
strengthen the desire to engage with the environment in a particular manner
Law of Effect
when a behavior has a positive effect or consequence, it is likely to be repeated in the future. When a behavior has a negative effect, it is less likely to be repeat in the future
Punishers
effects that decrease behaviors
Conditioned Compensatory Responses
a conditioned response that opposes, rather than is the same as, the unconditioned response. It functions to reduce the strength of the unconditioned response. Often seen in conditioning when drugs are used as unconditioned stimuli.
Blocking
the finding that no conditioning occurs to a stimulus if it is combined with a previously conditioned stimulus during conditioning trials.
- Suggests that information, surprise value, or prediction error is important in conditioning.
Prediction Error
the chance that a conditioned stimulus wont lead to the expected outcome q
Preparedness
an organism’s evolutionary history can make it easy to learn a particular association.
- humans are more likely to associate images of spiders and snakes than flowers and mushrooms with aversive outcomes like shocks.
Extinction
Decrease in the strength of a learned behavior that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or when the behavior is no longer reinforced (in instrumental conditioning)
- extinguished traints
Spontaneous Recovery
following a lapse in exposure to the CS after extinction has occurred, sometimes re-exposure to the CS (e.g., the smell of chalkboards) can evoke the CR again (e.g., the agony of detention)
Renewal Effect
Recovery of an extinguished response that occurs when the context is changed after extinction.
Context
stimuli that are in the background whenever learning occurs
Stimulus Control
when an operant behavior is controlled by a stimulus that precede it
Discrimintative Stimulus
the stimulus controlling the operant response (ex: canvas for a painting)
Categorize
sort or arrange stimuli into different classes of categories
Reinforcer Devaluation Effect
animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable
Goal-Directed
influence of a stimulus by the current value of its associated goal
Habit
Automatic and routine behaviors
Response (R) - Outcome (O)
Instrumental
Stimulus (S) - Outcome (O)
Classical
Stimulus (S) - Response (R)
Habit learning
[S - (R-O)]
Response Reinforcer relationship
Observational Learning
Learning by observing others
1) Attention: paying attention to what is being observed
2) Retention: one must be able to retain the behavior s/he is observing in memory
3) Initiation: must be able to execute the learned behavior
4) Motivation: to engage in learning
Social Learning Theory
indiv can learn novel responses via observation of key others behaviors
Social Models
authorities that are targets for observation and who model others
- typically of higher status or authority
Vicarious Reinforcement
Learning that occurs by observing the punishment of another person
