Module 2: Organizational Models

Question 1

What are the different organizational models?

Answer 1

1. Lewin’s Change Model
2. Action Research Model
3. Perrow’s Model
4. Kotter’s Change Model
5. Adam Smith’s Invisible Hand Theory
6. Peter and Waterman’s Well-Managed Model
7. Vroom-Yetton Model

Question 2

Lewin’s Change Model

Answer 2

+ change as a matter of modifying those forces that are acting to keep things stable
+ any behavioral situation is characterized both by forces operating to maintain stability or equilibrium and by forces pushing for change
+ planned for change to occur in organizations with the least amount of tension and resistance
+ the process of change entails creating the perception that a change is needed, then moving toward the new, desired level of behavior and, finally, solidifying that new behavior as the norm

Question 3

What are the important concepts to note in Lewin’s Change Model?

Answer 3

1. Intervention
2. Evolutionary Change
3. Revolutionary Change
4. Change Agent
5. Client
6. Change Resistant
7. Change Analysts
8. Receptive Changers
9. Reluctant Changers

Question 4

Intervention

Lewin’s Change Model

Answer 4

the program or initiative suggested or implemented by the change agent

Question 5

Evolutionary Change

Lewin’s Change Model

Answer 5

continual process of upgrading or improving processes

Question 6

Revolutionary Change

Lewin’s Change Model

Answer 6

drastic changes

Question 7

Change Agent

Answer 7

initiates the change, usually external to the organization, people who enjoy change and often make changes just for the sake of it

Question 8

Client

Answer 8

recipient of the change effort

Question 9

Change Resistant

Lewin’s Change Model

Answer 9

individuals who prefer to keep things the way they are

Question 10

Change Analysts

Answer 10

not afraid to change or make changes but want to make changes only if the changes will improve the organization

Question 11

Receptive Changers

Answer 11

people who probably will not instigate change but are willing to change

Question 12

Reluctant Changers

Lewin’s Change Model

Answer 12

not instigate or welcome change, but they will change if necessary

Question 13

3 Steps of Change Process (Lewin’s Change Model)

Answer 13

1. Unfreezing
2. Moving
3. Refreezing

Question 14

Unfreezing

Lewin’s Change Model

Answer 14

+ forces that maintains the status quo are broken down, and the system is opened up for change
+ started by pointing out behaviors and outcomes prevalent in the organization that are not consistent with its goals and objectives

Question 15

Moving (Changing)

Lewin’s Change Model

Answer 15

real org change begins to happen

Question 16

Refreezing

Lewin’s Change Model

Answer 16

changes become stabilized, and the organization reaches a new level of equilibrium

Question 17

Action Research Model

Answer 17

+ social problems that needed to be addressed from both methodological and
social perspective
+ cyclical nature
+ initial research about the organization
+ results from the research could be the guide for further activities

Question 18

Sensemaking

Action Research Model

Answer 18

what employees do to gain a better understanding of their workplace

Question 19

Perrow’s Model

Answer 19

+ examined information technology, which refers to all aspects of jobs
+ the structure of the organization adjusts to the technology
+ among the various units of the organization

Question 20

Kotter’s Change Model

Answer 20

proposed an eight-stage model that essentially broke down Lewin’s 3 steps into subcomponents based on common mistakes he saw organizations make when trying to change

Question 21

What are the steps in Kotter’s Change Model?

Answer 21

1) Increase Urgency
2) Build Guiding Team
3) Develop the Vision
4) Communicate the Vision
5) Empower Action, Remove Obstacles
6) Create Short-Term Wins
7) Build on Wins
8) Embed changes into culture

Question 22

Adam Smith’s Invisible Hand Theory

Answer 22

individuals are driven by self-interest and rationality will make decisions that lead to positive benefits for the whole economy

Question 23

Rational Choice Theory

Adam Smith’s Invisible Hand Theory

Answer 23

individuals use rational calculations to make rational choices and achieve outcomes that are aligned with their own personal objectives

Question 24

Peter and Waterman’s Well-Managed Model

Answer 24

+ aims at formulating a descriptive model of choice which focuses on the expressive character of decision making
in the organization
+ Based on empirical perception of how successful organizations are being run

Question 25

Vroom-Yetton Model

Answer 25

provide a flowchart that can tell a leader process to go through when making a decision