Module 2 (Exam 1) ****2****

Question 1

What are three unique structure associated with fetal circulation?

Answer 1

1. Ductus Arteriosus
2. Foramen Ovale
3. Ductus Venosus

Question 2

Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 2

Communication between the pulmonary artery and the aorta: Closes gradually within 10-96 hours after birth

Question 3

Foramen Ovale

Answer 3

Communication between the atria of the heart; functionally closes in 1-2 hours after birth

Question 4

Ductus Venosus

Answer 4

Shunts 1/3 of blood away from liver and into the vena cava

Question 5

Follicular Phase

Answer 5

1. Days ~1-13
2. Graffian Follicle matures
3. Ovum Matures
4. FSH
5. Estrogen (by follicles)

Question 6

Ovulatory Phase

Answer 6

1. ~Day 14
2. Ovum is released
3. LH
4. Surge in Progersterone

Question 7

Luteal Phase

Answer 7

1. Corpus luteum develops
2. If fertilization occurs, corpus luteum continues to release progesterone, estrogen until the placenta takes over this function
3. Trophoblast secretees hCG that signals the corpus luteum to continue to secrete progesterone
4. If no prgnancy, FSH and LH fall and corpus luteum stops productioon of estogen and progesterone = menstration

Question 8

Uterine Cycle- Menstrual

Answer 8

1. ~Days 1-6
2. Shedding of the endometrium

Question 9

Uterine Cycle - Proliferative

Answer 9

1. ~Days 7-14
2. Endometrium Develops
3. Estrogen

Question 10

Uterine Cycle - Secretory

Answer 10

1. ~Days 15-26
2. Endometrium enriches
3. Progesterone

Question 11

Uterine Cycle - Ischemic

Answer 11

1. ~Days 27-28
2. Endometrium becomes ischemic

Question 12

Number of autosomes in the normal human genetic composition

Answer 12

22 pairs (non-sex chromosomes)

Question 13

Number of sex chromosomes in the normal human genetic composition

Answer 13

1 pair (X or Y chromosomes)

Question 14

Process of Fertilization and Implantation

Answer 14

1. The ovum waits for sperm at the ampulla
2. Entry of a spermatozoon
3. Sperm head enters the cytoplasm of the ovum
4. The ovum completes meiosis, 23 chromosomes remain
5. Fusion of nuclei (ovum and sperm)
6. Chromosomes from each gamete mingle and form 46
7. Fertilizied ovum becomes a zygote
8. Zygote divides until it is 12-16 cells, now it is a morula
9. Outer cells of morula secrete fluid
10. Fluid secreted around morula forms a blastocyst (sac of cells of to the side that will become the baby)
11. The rest of the cells (outer layer) becomes tropoblast, which becomes the placenta and fetal membranes
12. Blastocyst reaches 100 cells and enters the uterus
13. After spending 2-4 days in uterus, the conceptus eordes through the decidua and “implants”
14. Spotting may occur at this time

Question 15

Umbilical Arteries

Answer 15

Carry de-oxygenated blood and waste from fetus to placenta. There are two of them

Question 16

Major functions of the placenta

Answer 16

1. Metabolic (sythesis of nutrients)
2. Transfer (nourishment and waste removal, gas exchange, respiratory function of the placenta)
3. Endocrine (hormonal production - progesterone, estrogen, human placental lactogen)

Question 17

Intervillous Spaces

Answer 17

1. Spaces where maternal blood is pored into for nutrience and gas exchance
2. Gase transfers VIA simple diffusion
3. 450-750mL ofblood/minute at term is spurted into these spaces
4. Blood is breifly outside the maternal ciculatory system
5. Blood washes over chorionic villi (which take up nutrience)

Question 18

Amnion

Answer 18

1. Inner fetal membrane
2. Runs up the umbilical cord
3. Joins the epithelium of the fetal abdominal skin

Question 19

Chorion

Answer 19

1. Maternal membrane (outer)
2. Lies against the decidua
3. Chorionic villi sprout from the chorion

Question 20

Purposes of Amniotic Fluid

Answer 20

1. Cushioning
2. Thermoregulation
3. Protection from pathogens
4. Promotion of fetal growth and development

Question 21

Umbilical Vein

Answer 21

One of them. Carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus.

Question 22

Wharton’s Jelly

Answer 22

Cushions the umbilical cord

Question 23

Most common cause of early heart murmurs

Answer 23

Patent ductus arteriosus (closes 10-96 hours after birth in most neonates, closes as oxygenation increases)