Module 2 ACE Operations Part 139 Flashcards
What records need to be maintained for 12 Calendar months
Inspections of fueling agent trucks and fuel storage areas, self-inspections, accident or incidents occurring, airport conditions
What records need to be maintained for 24 calendar months
airport personnel training and ARFf and medical services, fueling agent training, training ground vehicle operators and personnel with access to the movement area and safety areas
What is included in initial and recurrent training?
airport familiarization, procedures for movement and safety areas, airport communications, duties required, any additional subject areas required as appropriate
What are the two purposes airport pavements are designed and constructed?
to support the critical loads imposed on them, and to produce a smooth, skid-resistant, and safe-riding surface
Flexible Pavement
tends to compress under load. Reflects the deformation of subgrade and the subsequent layers to the surface. grass, dirt, gravel, and asphalt
Ridged Pavement
Resists compression under load. loads are distributed over a wide area of subgrade soil. normally uses Portland cement concrete
the two major elements most contributing to pavement deterioration are?
effects of weathering, Loads imposed by aircraft
PCN
Pavement classification number: the strength of pavement, in terms of the load-carrying capacity
ACN
Airplane Classification Number: the effect of an individual airplane on different pavements using this number
LCN
Load Classification Number: for pavements with lower bearing strengths, the naming convention uses the following codes for gear designation purposes
S-Single
D-Dual
T-Trippel
Q-Quadruple
Flexible Pavement Distresses
Cracking, Disintegration, Distortion, Loss of skid resistance
Ridged Pavement distresses
Cracking, Joint seal damage, Disintegration, Distortion, Loss of Skid resistance
Hot-mix asphalt (HMA)
a blend of asphalt binder and well graded, high quality aggregates. they are mixed and placed while hot. used in construction of new airfield pavment and patching and overlay of pavements
tack coat
a light application of emulsified asphalt applied to an exiting pavement to provide a bond with an overlaying course like HMA. its used on the sides of an existing pavement that has been cut vertcally before application.
crack filler material
hot-applied, for asphalt concrete an Portland cement concrete pavements
concrete
it is a blend of Portland cement, fine and coarse aggregate, and water, with or without additives. used to repair a distressed Portland cement concrete pavement so it may be used at its original designed capacity
Skid resistance
the ability of a pavement to provide a surface with the desired friction characteristics under all weather conditions. it is affected by the polishing action of aircraft traffic and ground vehicles, contaminants on the pavement, fuel or other fluid spillage, rubber deposits, pavement texture, paint markings, and pavement abnormalities
Dynamic Hydroplaning
Occurs on any surface. A wave of water builds up in front of the rolling tire, which allows the tire to ride on a cushion of water and lose contact with he runway surface
Viscous Hydroplaning
occurs form the lubricating effect that results when a thin film of oil, grease, dirt, rubber particles or a smooth runway combine with water or other liquid, resulting in slippery pavement. it prevents a tire from making positive contact with the pavement, and it results in skidding. it can occur at lower speeds
Rubber reversion hydroplaning
caused by the rubber heat buildup beneath a tire footprint due to friction. the heat causes the tire to revert to its uncured state and form a seal that traps high pressure superheated steam. primarily occurs during landing, and prevents a spin-up of the tire on touchdown
how to treat surfaces to decrease hydroplaning
pavement grooving, a porous friction course, wire combing
Ways to remove rubber
high-pressure water spray, chemical solvents, high-velocity abrasive impact techniques, mechanical grinding
4 ways friction evaluations may be conducted
Decelerometers (DEC): spot check instead of a continuous graphic record. a minimum of 3 break tests per part of the runway
Electronic: automatically computing a nd reporting friction averages for each one-third of the runway. also provides a printed record. taken at 20mph
Mechanical: considered as only a backup to the first two. they require longer runway down time and don’t give a printed copy
Continuous Friction Measuring Equipment (CFME): Recommended for pavement surfaces covered with contaminants, as they provide a continuous graphic record of the pavement surface friction characteristics. may be self-contained or towed, taken at 40 mph
A formal FOD management program adresses the following
- Prevention: awareness, training and education, maintenance
- Detection: operations, equipment
- Removal: equipment, operations
- Evaluation: data collection and analysis, continuous improvement
FOD Equipment
Mechanical: power sweepers, vacuum systems, jet air blowers
non-mechanical: friction mat sweepers, magnetic bars, rumble strips
distinction between moment and non-movement areas at airports is based on two factors
operation control, and FAA design standards
When may a displaced threshold be required
When an object obstructs the airspace needed for landing, when there are environmental considerations such as noise abatement, and when runway safety area dimensions or obstacle-free area lengths are needed
what is a major goal of taxiways
to maintain a smooth flow with a minimum number of points requiring a change in the airplane’s taxiing speed
what is a major goal of aprons
the ready accommodation of either a changing or static mix of aircraft
the main reasons for the use of artificial turf at airports are to…?
mitigate soil erosion, minimize maintenance and management of turf, enhance visual aesthetics
Runway Safety Area
defined surface surrounding the runway prepared or suitable for reducing the risk of damage to airplanes in the event of an undershoot, overshoot, or excursion form the runway. Can also support snow removal and ARF under normal conditions. Centered on the runway centerline and varies 120-500 ft wide and 240-1000 long
Taxiway Safety Area
defined surface alongside the taxiway prepared or suitable for reducing the risk of damage to an airplane unintentionally departing the taxiway
What should EMAS ability be
to stop the aircraft at the end of the runway at 70kts and up to 1500,00lbs in less than 300ft without major damage to the aircraft
Obstacle Free Zone (OFZ)
the airspace below 150ft above the established airport elevation and along the runway and extended runway centerline that is required to be clear of all objects, except for frangible visual NAVAIDS that need to be in the OFZ because of their function
Runway OFZ (ROFZ)
the airspace above a surface centered on the runway centerline, it extends 200ft beyond each end of the runway
Inner-Transitional OFZ
the airspace above a surface centered on the extended runway centerline. It applies to runways with an approach lighting system. it begins 200 ft of the runaway threshold at the same elevation as the runway threshold and extends 200ft beyond the last light in the ALS. its width is the same as the ROFZ
Precision OFZ
the volume of airspace above an area beginning at the runway threshold, at the threshold elevation, and centered on the extended runway centerline, 200ft long by 800 ft wide. It applies when there is a vertical guide approach, reported ceiling is below 250ft vis is less than 3/4SM (RVR less than 4,000), and an aircraft is on final within two miles of the threshold. When it is in effect, a wing of an aircraft holding may penetrate the POFZ, but not the fuselage or the tail
Runway Object Free Area (ROFA)
centered on the runway provided to enhance the safety of aircraft operations by having the area free of objects, except for needed
Runway Protection Zone (RPZ)
trapezoidal in shape and centered about the extended runway centerline, designated to enhance the protection of people and property on the ground. When the RPZ begins at a location other than 200ft beyond the end of a runway, two RPZs are required, a departure and approach
Clearway
A defined rectangular area beyond the end of a runway cleared or suitable for use in lieu of runway to satisfy takeoff distance requirements. Established for runways having instrument departures and considered the climb-out requirements of turbine-powered aircraft. it increases the allowable aircraft operating takeoff weight without increasing runway length
Stop way
A defined rectangular area beyond the end of a runway, centered on the extended runway centerline and at least as wide as the runway, prepared or suitable for use in lieu of the runway to support an airplane, with out causing structural damage to the airplane, during an aborted takeoff. is designated by the airport operator for use in decelerating an aircraft during an aborted takeoff
Taxiway Object Free Area
centered on centerline, clearing standards prohibit service vehicle roads, parked airplanes, and above ground obstacles for air navigation or ground maneuvering purposes
Takeoff run available (TORA)
runway length declared available and suitable for the ground run of an airplane taking off
Takeoff Distance Available (TODA)
the TORA plush the length of any remaining runway or clearway beyond the far end of the TORA. Performance dependent for obstacle clearance
Accelerate Stop Distance Available (ASDA)
runway plus stop way length declared available and suitable for the acceleration and deceleration of an airplane aborting a takeoff
Landing Distance Available (LDA)
runway length. Same as TORA except in cases of a displaced threshold when LDA is calculated form the threshold
3 Runway Classifications by Approach
Visual: can only occur visually with 1,000ft ceilings and 3SM vis
Non-Precision: only horizontal guidance. has an MDA an DP that are specified by the FAA to have runway in sight to continue
Precision: has both vertical and horizontal approach guidance, these are ILS PAR WAAS GBAS, lower DH
What are the two proven techniques that help airport operators enhance surface markings?
Outlining and placing glass beads
How thick are black boarders typically?
6 inches
What types of glass beads are used, and when?
Type III: shall not be applied to red or pink paint
Type IV: when used they should be applied in higher-built materials due to their larger diameters
What are Striated Markings and when can they be used?
they are used in areas subject to frost heave. they consist of painted stripes 4 to 8 inches in width that re separated by unpainted stripes. They have reduced visibility and can never be used on Category II or III runways. the mixing of striated and non-striated markings ins not permitted in a surface marking scheme
Runway Centerline Marking dimensions
120ft in length, with 80ft gaps. 36in inches wide for precision approaches, 18in for non-precision runways, 12 inches for visual runways
Runway Threshold markings
identifies the beginning point used for landings. consists of white longitudinal stripes, starts 20ft from the actual starting pint of the runway threshold
runway width….. 60ft wide= 4 stripes, 75ft wide= 6 stripes, 100ft=8 stripes, 150ft= 12 stripes, 200ft= 16 stripes
for standard runway widths, the stripes are 150 feet long and 5.75 feet wide, the outer edges of the near most par are 11.5ft apart
Runway Aiming Point marking
generally begins 1020ft from the runway threshold. each marking is 150ft in length for runway at least 4,200ft long, and 100ft for shorter runways
check notebook for widths that correspond to runway size
Touchdown Zone Marking
identifies the touchdown zone made along a precision runway in 500ft increments. symmetrically arranged pairs of rectangular bars in groups of on, two, and three along the centerline.
check notebook for dimensions and lateral spacing
900ft no marking zone from the midpoint of the runway back to the threshold. The point is to preserve an 1,800ft unmarked area so pilots do not confuse the surface marking during a landing with the surface marking for the other approach procedures
runway threshold bar marking
10ft in width and extends between the runway edges, white in color, the beginning of usable surface for landing
runway demarcation bar
delineates a runway with a displaced threshold from a blast pad, stop way, or an aligned taxiway. it is yellow, 3 ft wide, and extends across th entire width of the blast pad, stop way, or aligned taxiway
chevron markings
identify pave blast pads, stopways, and MAS in relation to the end of the runway. yellow in color and recommended minimum length of 150ft to allow or at least two chevrons
Runway Shoulder Marking
supplemental to further delineate a paved runway shoulder that pilots have mistaken or are likely to mistake as usable runway. yellow, located between the runway side stripe and the outer edge of the paved shoulder. 3ft in width spaced 100ft apart along the edge of the runway, slanted at a 45 degree angle
Hold Position Markings
purpose is to prevent aircraft and vehicles from entering into critical areas associated with runways and navaids. view notebook for cases and patterns
What are the dimensions of taxiway centerlines
6in or 12inches in areas of low visibility. yellow
marking for taxiway
for a taxiway that intersects a runway at a runway end …
displaced threshold: the taxiway centerline marking continues onto the displaced area of the runway and extends parallel to the displaced threshold marking 200ft beyond the point of tangency or terminates at the point of contact with the displaced threshold bar.
low visibility taxi operations: the taxiway centerline marking continues across all runway markings with the exception of the runway designation and the threshold marking
for a taxiway that intersects a runway at any other location, the taxiway centerline curves onto the runway and extends parallel to the runway centerline for 200ft beyond the point of tangency with the runway centerline or terminates at the point of contact with the displaced threshold bar, whichever is less
enhanced taxiway centerline marking
to alert pilots they are coming up to a runway holding position marking. enhanced for 150ft prior to the runway. the boarder on the outside of the dashes can be 3 or 6in wide
continuous taxiway edge marking
yellow double line, at least six inches wide and spaced 6in apart
dashed taxiway edge marking
used when there is an operational need (think terminal ramp). 6in in width spaced 6in apart. the lines are 15ft long with 25ft gaps
surface painted holding position signs
designed to alert pilots. for taxiway widths greater than 35ft the inscription is 12 feet. for 35 or less check the ACs. this is only mandatory for part 139 airports. the sign is on the left for design group 3-7 and centered on the line for design group 1A, 1B, and 2
for taxiway entrances with complex geometry that requires a lengthy inscription that will not fit properly, the inscription height should be reduced. the lowest allowable height for TDGs 3-7 is 6ft. for 1a, 1b, and 2 the standard width is 3ft
Surface painted taxiway direction signs
provide extra guidance at an intersection. the edge of the sign must be 3ft from the edge of the taxiway centerline and is located on the side of the taxiway that the aircraft will travel (Juliet)
surface painted taxiway location signs
used when deemed necessary. put on the right side of the taxiway, 3ft from the edge, yellow inscription is 12ft height, minimum of 9ft. should not be painted on runways
used when deemed necessary. put on the right side of the taxiway, 3ft from the edge, yellow inscription is 12ft height, minimum of 9ft. should not be painted on runways
used to assist pilots in location their positions along large ramps. useful for identifying entrances and exits along terminal complexes. also called the ramp spot. located seven feet from a taxiway centerline to the gate they will travel to. yellow with black inscription. eight foot diameter yellow circle with a six-in outer ring
taxiway shoulder marking
yellow, and perpendicular from the centerline
geographic position marking
assists pilots with confirming holding points or reporting their location while taxing during low-visibility operations. markings are on the left, co-located with the intermediate holding position marking for taxiway/intersection and a clearance bar consisting of three yellow lights. each marking is a seven-ft diameter pink circle
Ramp control marking
used to facilitate the local ramp tower or FAA ATC in the movement of aircraft and vehicles to their designated areas of ramps, aprons, ect. it is a yellow marking with black inscription, with the inscription being at least 4ft high. they may be circular or triangular shaped
VOR marking
should be more than 1/2 miles from the VOR on a paved surface. marking is a 10ft diameter circle with a yellow arrow pointing at the VOR
permanently closed runways/taxiway markings
solid yellow “x’ markings should be painted at each ends of the runway and 1,000ft intervals
temporarily closed runway markings
raised lighted “x” at the end of each runway
boundary sign markings
look like a ladder, used for RSA/OFZ, ILS critical area
methods of distance remaining signs
preferred: double sided sign, one side of runways
alternate 1: single-faced installed on both sides of the runways, distance can be more accurately represented
alternate 2: double faced signs on both sides of the runways
one-half distance remaining sign
only used in the take-off direction on unpaved runways less than 3,000ft in length where both ends of the runway are not readily visible. the sign identifies the point on the runway where one-half the takeoff distance remains
incandescent lighting
the oldest lamp type. longevity based on temp generated. the higher the lumen, the shorter the life span
tungsten-halogen lighting
variation of incandescing lamps. commonly called “quartz lamps”. produce a hotter filament, and the quartz lens is better able to withstand the heat. longer lift, but very sensitive to temperature variation and lens contamination
florescent lighting
generated through low pressure gas discharge. use for lighting of airfield signs. used only at airports where low ambient temperatures are not routinely experienced.
Light emitting diode (LED)
brighter emanating light, has a longer lamp lift, and has lower power consumption. they do not generate heat to melt snow or ice accumulation. they may present a different color in perceived color or brightness than equivalent glass or plastic filtered incandescent fixtures. They should not be interspersed with incandescent lights
airfield lighting catagories
runway and taxiway edge lighting systems, runway centerline and touchdown lighting systems, taxiway lighting systems, land and hold short lighting systems, miscellaneous airfield aids, approach lighting
runway lighting steps and wattage
steps 1-3. intensity of 15, 25, and 40 watts
steps 1-5 range of 15-200 watts. steps 4 and 5 are reserved for IFR conditions
low intensity runway lights (LIRL)
installed on visual runways (at small airports)
medium intensity runway lights (MIRL)
installed on visual runways or non-precision instrument runways
high intensity runway lights (HIRL)
installed on precision instrument runways
Medium intensity taxiway lights (MITL)
installed on taxiways and aprons at airports where runway lighting systems are installed
