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Biology - mr stonehouse > module 2 - 3.3 carbohydrates - glucose, starch and glycogen > Flashcards

module 2 - 3.3 carbohydrates - glucose, starch and glycogen Flashcards

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1
Q

what 3 elements are carbs made up of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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2
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A

small, simple sugar

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3
Q

what is a disaccharide?

A

large sugars

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4
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

long chain carbohydrates

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5
Q

what are examples of a monosaccharide?

A

glucose, fructose and ribose

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6
Q

what are examples of a disaccharide?

A

lactose and sucrose

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7
Q

what are examples of a polysaccharide?

A

glycogen, cellulose and starch

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8
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

substances used as energy sources and structural materials in organisms

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9
Q

how many carbons does a glucose molecule have?

A

6

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10
Q

what type of sugar is glucose?

A

hexose sugar

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11
Q

why is glucose important?

A
  • main energy source for most cells
  • main way carbohydrates are transported around the body
  • highly soluble
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12
Q

what are the different forms of glucose called?

A

structural isomers

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13
Q

what are 2 common isomers?

A

alpha glucose
beta glucose

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14
Q

what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

alpha - OH- attached below carbon 1
beta - OH- attached above carbon 1

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15
Q

how are carbons 1,2,3 and 4 positioned?

A

clockwise (right to left)

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16
Q

which reaction makes disaccharides and polysaccharides?

A

condensation reaction

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17
Q

how are disaccharides formed?

A

when 2 monosaccharide molecules join together with a glycosidic bond

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18
Q

what are pentoses?

A

sugars of DNA

19
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

20
Q

what do pentose disaccharides contain?

A

5 carbon atoms (enough to form a ring)

21
Q

what are 2 important pentose molecules?

A

ribose and deoxyribose (structural isomers)

22
Q

what are ribose and deoxyribose important components of?

A

RNA and DNA

23
Q

what is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

A
  • ribose has 1 H atom and 1 -OH group attached to carbon 2
  • deoxyribose has 2 H atoms and no -OH group
24
Q

what are polysaccharides made of?

A

polymers containing many monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

25
Q

what is the structure of starch?

A

a polysaccharide made of many alpha glucose molecules arranged into 2 different structural units

26
Q

what are the 2 different structural units of starch?

A

amylose and amylopectin

27
Q

what is maltose (malt sugar) formed of?

A

2 glucose molecules joined by an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

28
Q

what is sucrose (table sugar) formed of?

A

glucose and fructose molecules joined by an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

29
Q

what is lactose (milk sugar) formed of?

A

glucose and galactose molecules joined by an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

30
Q

why is starch important?

A

it is the major carbohydrate storage in plants

31
Q

what is starch usually stored as?

A

plastids - intracellular starch grains in organelles

32
Q

what do plastids contain?

A

green chloroplasts
colourless amyloplasts

33
Q

what is starch produced from?

A

glucose made during photosynthesis

34
Q

what is glycogen?

A

animals store carbohydrates as glycogen

35
Q

what is the structure of glycogen?

A

contains many alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds - produces a branched structure

36
Q

how is glycogen stored?

A

stored as small granules, particularly in muscles and liver

37
Q

what is glycogen like compared to starch?

A

glycogen - more dense, more soluble, breaks down more rapidly

38
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

used to break down polysaccharides and disaccharides into monosaccharides

39
Q

what is cellulose?

A

polysaccharide and is the main part of plant cell walls

40
Q

how is cellulose different from starch?

A

cellulose is very strong, and prevents cells from busting when they take excess water

41
Q

what is the structure of cellulose?

A

consists of long chains of beta glucose molecules joined by beta glucose 1-4 glycosydic bonds

42
Q

when is starch broken down?

A

during respiration for energy

43
Q

what is starch also a source of?

A

carbon - for producing other molecules

Biology - mr stonehouse (60 decks)

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